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Journal of Virology, May 2006, p. 4557-4569, Vol. 80, No. 9
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4557-4569.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Retrovirus-Induced Oxidative Stress with Neuroimmunodegeneration Is Suppressed by Antioxidant Treatment with a Refined Monosodium {alpha}-Luminol (Galavit)

Yuhong Jiang, Virginia L. Scofield, Mingshan Yan, Wenan Qiang,{dagger} Na Liu, Amy J. Reid, William S. Lynn, and Paul K. Y. Wong*

The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957

Received 16 November 2005/ Accepted 6 February 2006

Oxidative stress is involved in many human neuroimmunodegenerative diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus disease/AIDS. The retrovirus ts1, a mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus, causes oxidative stress and progressive neuro- and immunopathology in mice infected soon after birth. These pathological changes include spongiform neurodegeneration, astrogliosis, thymic atrophy, and T-cell depletion. Astrocytes and thymocytes are directly infected and killed by ts1. Neurons are not infected, but they also die, most likely as an indirect result of local glial infection. Cytopathic effects of ts1 infection in cultured astrocytes are associated with accumulation of the viral envelope precursor protein gPr80env in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which triggers ER stress and oxidative stress. We have reported (i) that activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor and upregulation of antioxidative defenses occurs in astrocytes infected with ts1 in vitro and (ii) that some ts1-infected astrocytes survive infection by mobilization of these pathways. Here, we show that treatment with a refined monosodium {alpha}-luminol (Galavit; GVT) suppresses oxidative stress and Nrf2 activation in cultured ts1-infected astrocytes. GVT treatment also inhibits the development of spongiform encephalopathy and gliosis in the central nervous system (CNS) in ts1-infected mice, preserves normal cytoarchitecture in the thymus, and delays paralysis, thymic atrophy, wasting, and death. GVT treatment of infected mice reduces ts1-induced oxidative stress, cell death, and pathogenesis in both the CNS and thymus of treated animals. These studies suggest that oxidative stress mediates ts1-induced neurodegeneration and T-cell loss.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957. Phone: (512) 237-9456. Fax: (512) 237-2444. E-mail: pkwong{at}mdanderson.org.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611.

Journal of Virology, May 2006, p. 4557-4569, Vol. 80, No. 9
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4557-4569.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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