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Journal of Virology, May 2006, p. 4440-4446, Vol. 80, No. 9
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4440-4446.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

In Vitro Microbicidal Activity of the Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI) UC781 against NNRTI-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Mohammad M. Hossain and Michael A. Parniak*

University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261

Received 1 November 2005/ Accepted 15 February 2006

The nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) UC781 is under development as a microbicide to prevent sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 is increasingly prevalent in the infected population, and one of the concerns for NNRTI-based microbicides is that they will be ineffective against drug-resistant virus and may in fact selectively transmit NNRTI-resistant virus. We evaluated the microbicidal activity of UC781 against UC781-resistant (UCR), efavirenz-resistant (EFVR), and nevirapine-resistant (NVPR) strains in a variety of microbicide-relevant tests, including inactivation of cell-free virus, inhibition of cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission, and the ability of UC781 pretreatment to protect cells from subsequent infection in the absence of exogenous drug. UC781 was 10- to 100-fold less effective against NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 compared to wild-type (wt) virus in each of these tests, with UC781 microbicidal activity against the various virus strains being wt ≥ NVPR > UCR ≥ EFVR. Breakthrough experiments using UC781-pretreated cells and mixtures of wt and NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 showed that UC781-pretreatment selected for NNRTI-resistant HIV-1. However, the efficacy of UC781 was dose dependent, and 25 µM UC781 provided essentially equivalent microbicidal activity against NNRTI-resistant and wt virus. The amount of UC781 in topical microbicide formulations under current development is approximately 100-fold greater than this concentration, so transmission of NNRTI-resistant virus may not be an issue at these microbicide formulation levels of UC781. Nonetheless, the reduced microbicidal activity of UC781 against NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 suggests that additional antiviral agents should be included in NNRTI-based microbicide formulations.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Center for Viral Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Scaife Hall, Suite 817, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. Phone: (412) 648-1927. Fax: (412) 648-8521. E-mail: parniakm{at}dom.pitt.edu.

Journal of Virology, May 2006, p. 4440-4446, Vol. 80, No. 9
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4440-4446.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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