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Journal of Virology, April 2006, p. 3811-3822, Vol. 80, No. 8
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.8.3811-3822.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The Ribosomal Shunt Translation Strategy of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Has Evolved from Ancient Long Terminal Repeats

Monir Shababi,1 June Bourque,1 Karuppaiah Palanichelvam,1,3 Anthony Cole,1,4 Dong Xu,2 Xiu-Feng Wan,2,5 and James Schoelz1*

Division of Plant Sciences, 108 Waters Hall,1 Department of Computer Science, 201 Engineering Bldg. West, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211,2 Plant Biology Dept., The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402,3 Dept. of Biochemistry, Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell, South Dakota 57301,4 Dept. of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 450565

Received 13 September 2005/ Accepted 25 January 2006

We have screened portions of the large intergenic region of the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) genome for promoter activity in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and have identified an element that contributes to promoter activity in yeast but has negligible activity in plant cells when expressed in an agroinfiltration assay. A search of the yeast genome sequence revealed that the CaMV element had sequence similarity with the R region of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the yeast Ty1 retrotransposon, with significant statistical confidence. In plants, the same CaMV sequence has been shown to have an essential role in the ribosomal shunt mechanism of translation, as it forms the base of the right arm of the stem-loop structure that is required for the ribosomal shunt. Since the left arm of the stem-loop structure must represent an imperfect reverse copy of the right arm, we propose that the ribosomal shunt has evolved from a pair of LTRs that have become incorporated end to end into the CaMV genome.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Plant Sciences, 108 Waters Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Phone: (573) 882-1188. Fax: (573) 882-0588. E-mail: schoelzj{at}missouri.edu.

Journal of Virology, April 2006, p. 3811-3822, Vol. 80, No. 8
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.8.3811-3822.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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