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Journal of Virology, March 2006, p. 2705-2717, Vol. 80, No. 6
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.6.2705-2717.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Nucleocytoplasmic Traffic Disorder Induced by Cardioviruses

Peter V. Lidsky,^1, Stanleyson Hato,^3, Maryana V. Bardina,^1,2, Alexei G. Aminev,⁴ Ann C. Palmenberg,⁴ Eugene V. Sheval,² Vladimir Y. Polyakov,² Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld,³ and Vadim I. Agol^1,2*

M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow Region 142782, Russia,¹ M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia,² Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands,³ Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706⁴

Received 13 August 2005/ Accepted 21 December 2005

Some picornaviruses, for example, poliovirus, increase bidirectional permeability of the nuclear envelope and suppress active nucleocytoplasmic transport. These activities require the viral protease 2A^pro. Here, we studied nucleocytoplasmic traffic in cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV; a cardiovirus), which lacks the poliovirus 2A^pro-related protein. EMCV similarly enhanced bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic traffic. By using the fluorescent "Timer" protein, which contains a nuclear localization signal, we showed that the cytoplasmic accumulation of nuclear proteins in infected cells was largely due to the nuclear efflux of "old" proteins rather than impaired active nuclear import of newly synthesized molecules. The nuclear envelope of digitonin-treated EMCV-infected cells permitted rapid efflux of a nuclear marker protein. Inhibitors of poliovirus 2A^pro did not prevent the EMCV-induced efflux. Extracts from EMCV-infected cells and products of in vitro translation of viral RNAs contained an activity increasing permeability of the nuclear envelope of uninfected cells. This activity depended on the expression of the viral leader protein. Mutations disrupting the zinc finger motif of this protein abolished its efflux-inducing ability. Inactivation of the L protein phosphorylation site (Thr47Ala) resulted in a delayed efflux, while a phosphorylation-mimicking (Thr47Asp) replacement did not significantly impair the efflux-inducing ability. Such activity of extracts from EMCV-infected cells was suppressed by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. As evidenced by electron microscopy, cardiovirus infection resulted in alteration of the nuclear pores, but it did not trigger degradation of the nucleoporins known to be degraded in the poliovirus-infected cells. Thus, two groups of picornaviruses, enteroviruses and cardioviruses, similarly alter the nucleocytoplasmic traffic but achieve this by strikingly different mechanisms.

P.V.L., S.H., and M.V.B. contributed equally to this study.

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