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Journal of Virology, December 2006, p. 12171-12186, Vol. 80, No. 24
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00990-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ori-Lyt-Dependent DNA Replication: Dual Role of Replication and Transcription Activator{triangledown}

Yan Wang,1 Qiyi Tang,2 Gerd G. Maul,2 and Yan Yuan1*

Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine,1 The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 191042

Received 12 May 2006/ Accepted 22 September 2006

Lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is essential for viral propagation and pathogenicity. In Kaposi's sarcoma lesions, constant lytic replication plays a role in sustaining the population of latently infected cells that otherwise are quickly lost by segregation of latent viral episomes as spindle cells divide. Lytic DNA replication initiates from an origin (ori-Lyt) and requires trans-acting elements. Two functional ori-Lyts have been identified in the KSHV genome. Some cis-acting and trans-acting elements for ori-Lyt-dependent DNA replication have been found. Among these, K8 binding sites, a cluster of C/EBP binding motifs, and a replication and transcription activator (RTA) responsive element (RRE) are crucial cis-acting elements. Binding of K8 and RTA proteins to these motifs in ori-Lyt DNA was demonstrated to be absolutely essential for DNA replication. In the present study, functional roles of RTA in ori-Lyt-dependent DNA replication have been investigated. Two distinct functions of RTA were revealed. First, RTA activates an ori-Lyt promoter and initiates transcription across GC-rich tandem repeats. This RTA-mediated transcription is indispensable for DNA replication. Second, RTA is a component of the replication compartment, where RTA interacts with prereplication complexes composed of at least six core machinery proteins and K8. The prereplication complexes are recruited to ori-Lyt DNA through RTA, which interacts with the RRE, as well as K8, which binds to a cluster of C/EBP binding motifs with the aid of C/EBP {alpha}. The revelation of these two functions of RTA, together with its role in initiation of a transcriptional cascade that leads to transcription of all viral lytic genes, shows that RTA is a critical initiator and regulator of KSHV lytic DNA replication and viral propagation.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Phone: (215) 573-7556. Fax: (215) 898-8385. E-mail: yuan2{at}pobox.upenn.edu.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 4 October 2006.

Journal of Virology, December 2006, p. 12171-12186, Vol. 80, No. 24
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00990-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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