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Journal of Virology, December 2006, p. 11827-11832, Vol. 80, No. 23
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01100-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Recombination Patterns in Aphthoviruses Mirror Those Found in Other Picornaviruses{triangledown}

Livio Heath,1 Eric van der Walt,1 Arvind Varsani,2 and Darren P. Martin3*

Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa,1 Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa,2 Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa3

Received 30 May 2006/ Accepted 4 September 2006

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is thought to evolve largely through genetic drift driven by the inherently error-prone nature of its RNA polymerase. There is, however, increasing evidence that recombination is an important mechanism in the evolution of these and other related picornoviruses. Here, we use an extensive set of recombination detection methods to identify 86 unique potential recombination events among 125 publicly available FMDV complete genome sequences. The large number of events detected between members of different serotypes suggests that horizontal flow of sequences among the serotypes is relatively common and does not incur severe fitness costs. Interestingly, the distribution of recombination breakpoints was found to be largely nonrandom. Whereas there are clear breakpoint cold spots within the structural genes, two statistically significant hot spots precisely separate these from the nonstructural genes. Very similar breakpoint distributions were found for other picornovirus species in the genera Enterovirus and Teschovirus. Our results suggest that genome regions encoding the structural proteins of both FMDV and other picornaviruses are functionally interchangeable modules, supporting recent proposals that the structural and nonstructural coding regions of the picornaviruses are evolving largely independently of one another.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa. Phone: 27-21-406 6366. Fax: 27-21-689 1528. E-mail: Darren{at}science.uct.ac.za.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 13 September 2006.

Journal of Virology, December 2006, p. 11827-11832, Vol. 80, No. 23
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01100-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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