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Journal of Virology, November 2006, p. 10724-10733, Vol. 80, No. 21
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00340-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Heterogeneity and Temporal Dynamics of Evolution of G1 Human Rotaviruses in a Settled Population{triangledown}

Serenella Arista,1* Giovanni M. Giammanco,1 Simona De Grazia,1 Stefania Ramirez,1 Concetta Lo Biundo,1 Claudia Colomba,2 Antonio Cascio,3 and Vito Martella4

Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy,1 Institute of Infectious Diseases and Virology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy,2 Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy,3 Department of Animal Health and Well-Being, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy4

Received 16 February 2006/ Accepted 11 August 2006

A rotavirus sample collection from 19 consecutive years was used to investigate the heterogeneity and the dynamics of evolution of G1 rotavirus strains in a geographically defined population. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene sequences of G1P[8] human rotavirus strains showed the circulation of a heterogeneous population comprising three lineages and seven sublineages. Increases in the circulation of G1 rotaviruses were apparently associated with the introduction of novel G1 strains that exhibited multiple amino acid changes in antigenic regions involved in rotavirus neutralization compared to the strains circulating in the previous years. The emergence and/or introduction of G1 antigenic variants might be responsible for the continuous circulation of G1 rotaviruses in the local population, with the various lineages and sublineages appearing, disappearing, or cocirculating in an alternate fashion under the influence of immune-pressure mechanisms. Sequence analysis of VP4-encoding genes of the G1 strains revealed that the older strains were associated with a unique VP4 lineage, while a novel VP4 lineage emerged after 1995. The introduction of human rotavirus vaccines might alter the forces and balances that drive rotavirus evolution and determine the spread of novel strains that are antigenically different from those included in the vaccine formulations. The continuous emergence of VP7-VP4 gene combinations in human rotavirus strains should be taken into consideration when devising vaccination strategies.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dipartimento di Igiene e Microbiologia, via del Vespro 133, 90127, Palermo, Italy. Phone: 39 091 6553667. Fax: 39 091 6553676. E-mail: arista{at}unipa.it.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 23 August 2006.

Journal of Virology, November 2006, p. 10724-10733, Vol. 80, No. 21
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00340-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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