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Journal of Virology, September 2006, p. 8402-8410, Vol. 80, No. 17
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00624-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The Envelope G3L Protein Is Essential for Entry of Vaccinia Virus into Host Cells

Ruzan A. Izmailyan,1 Cheng-Yen Huang,1 Shamim Mohammad,2 Stuart N. Isaacs,2 and Wen Chang1*

Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Republic of China,1 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania2

Received 28 March 2006/ Accepted 1 June 2006

The vaccinia virus G3L/WR079 gene encodes a conserved protein with a predicted transmembrane domain. Our proteomic analyses of vaccinia virus revealed that G3L protein is incorporated into intracellular mature virus; however, the function of G3L protein in the vaccinia virus life cycle has not been investigated. In this study, a recombinant vaccinia virus, viG3L, expressing G3L protein under IPTG (isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactopyranoside) regulation was constructed. Under permissive conditions when G3L protein was expressed, the vaccinia virus life cycle proceeded normally, resulting in plaque formation in BSC40 cells. In contrast, under nonpermissive conditions when G3L protein expression was repressed, no plaques were formed, showing that G3L protein is essential for vaccinia virus growth in cell cultures. In infected cells when G3L protein was not expressed, the formation of intracellular mature virus (IMV) and cell-associated enveloped virus occurred normally, showing that G3L protein is not required for virion morphogenesis. IMV particles containing (G3L+) or lacking (G3L–) G3L protein were purified and were found to be indistinguishable on microscopic examination. Both G3L+ and G3L– IMV bound to HeLa cells; however, G3L– IMV failed to enter the cells, showing that G3L protein is required for IMV penetration into cells. Finally, G3L protein was required for fusion of the infected cells under low-pH treatment. Thus, our results provide direct evidence that G3L is an essential component of the vaccinia virus fusion complex, in addition to the previously reported A28, H2, L5, A21, and A16 proteins.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sect. 2, Academia Rd., Taipei 11529, Taiwan. Phone: 886-2-2789-9230. Fax: 886-2-2782-6085. E-mail: mbwen{at}ccvax.sinica.edu.tw.

Journal of Virology, September 2006, p. 8402-8410, Vol. 80, No. 17
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00624-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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