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Journal of Virology, May 2006, p. 4705-4716, Vol. 80, No. 10
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.10.4705-4716.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Expansion and Diversification of Virus-Specific T Cells following Immunization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Individuals with a Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara/HIV-1 Gag Vaccine

Lucy Dorrell,1* Hongbing Yang,1 Beatrice Ondondo,1 Tao Dong,1 Kati di Gleria,1 Annie Suttill,2 Christopher Conlon,3 Denise Brown,1 Patricia Williams,2 Paul Bowness,1 Nilu Goonetilleke,1 Tim Rostron,1 Sarah Rowland-Jones,1 Tomás Hanke,1 and Andrew McMichael1

MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom,1 Harrison Department, Oxford Genito-Urinary Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, United Kingdom,2 Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom3

Received 20 August 2005/ Accepted 16 February 2006

Affordable therapeutic strategies that induce sustained control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and are tailored to the developing world are urgently needed. Since CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are crucial to HIV-1 control, stimulation of potent cellular responses by therapeutic vaccination might be exploited to reduce antiretroviral drug exposure. However, therapeutic vaccines tested to date have shown modest immunogenicity. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the changes in virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses occurring after vaccination of 16 HIV-1-infected individuals with a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored vaccine expressing the consensus HIV-1 clade A Gag p24/p17 sequences and multiple CD8+ T-cell epitopes during highly active antiretroviral therapy. We observed significant amplification and broadening of CD8+ and CD4+ gamma interferon responses to vaccine-derived epitopes in the vaccinees, without rebound viremia, but not in two unvaccinated controls followed simultaneously. Vaccine-driven CD8+ T-cell expansions were also detected by tetramer reactivity, predominantly in the CD45RA– CCR7+ or CD45RA– CCR7– compartments, and persisted for at least 1 year. Expansion was associated with a marked but transient up-regulation of CD38 and perforin within days of vaccination. Gag-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell proliferation also increased postvaccination. These data suggest that immunization with MVA.HIVA is a feasible strategy to enhance potentially protective T-cell responses in individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 1865 857404. Fax: 44 1865 225571. E-mail: ldorrell{at}gwmail.jr2.ox.ac.uk.

Journal of Virology, May 2006, p. 4705-4716, Vol. 80, No. 10
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.10.4705-4716.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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