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Journal of Virology, March 2005, p. 3578-3585, Vol. 79, No. 6
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.6.3578-3585.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Biological Differences between Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Indiana and New Jersey Serotype Glycoproteins: Identification of Amino Acid Residues Modulating pH-Dependent Infectivity

Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama

Received 10 September 2004/ Accepted 27 October 2004

We previously generated recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) based on the Indiana serotype genome which contained either the homologous glycoprotein gene from the Indiana serotype (VSIV-G^I) or the heterologous glycoprotein gene from the New Jersey serotype (VSIV-G^NJ). The virus expressing the G^NJ gene was more pathogenic than the parental VSIV-G^I virus in swine, a natural host (26). For the present study, we investigated the biological differences between the G^I and G^NJ proteins that may be related to the differences in pathogenesis between VSIV-G^I and VSIV-G^NJ. We show that the capacities of viruses with either the G^NJ or G^I glycoprotein to infect cultured cells differ depending on the pH. VSIV-G^NJ could infect cells at acidic pHs, while the infectivity of VSIV-G^I was severely reduced. VSIV-G^NJ infection was also more sensitive to inhibition by ammonium chloride, indicating that the G^NJ protein had a lower pH threshold for membrane fusion. We applied selective pressure to VSIV-G^I by growing it at successively lower pH values and isolated variant viruses in which we identified amino acid changes that conferred low-pH-resistant infectivity. Repeated passage in cell culture at pH 6.8 resulted in the selection of a VSIV-G^I variant (VSIV-6.8) that was similar to VSIV-G^NJ regarding its pH- and ammonium chloride-dependent infectivity. Sequence analysis of VSIV-6.8 revealed that it had a single amino acid substitution in the amino-terminal region of the glycoprotein (F18L). This alteration was shown to be responsible for the observed phenotype by site-directed mutagenesis of a VSIV-G^I full-length cDNA and analysis of the recovered engineered virus. A further adaptation of VSIV-6.8 to pHs 6.6 and 6.4 resulted in additional amino acid substitutions in areas of the glycoprotein that were not previously implicated in attachment or fusion.

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