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Journal of Virology, March 2005, p. 2814-2822, Vol. 79, No. 5
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.5.2814-2822.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-Headed Gulls{dagger}

Ron A. M. Fouchier,1* Vincent Munster,1 Anders Wallensten,2 Theo M. Bestebroer,1 Sander Herfst,1 Derek Smith,1,3 Guus F. Rimmelzwaan,1 Björn Olsen,4 and Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus1

National Influenza Center and Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,1 Smedby Health Care Center, Kalmar,2 Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Kalmar University, Kalmar, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,4 Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom3

Received 26 July 2004/ Accepted 13 October 2004

In wild aquatic birds and poultry around the world, influenza A viruses carrying 15 antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 antigenic subtypes of neuraminidase (NA) have been described. Here we describe a previously unidentified antigenic subtype of HA (H16), detected in viruses circulating in black-headed gulls in Sweden. In agreement with established criteria for the definition of antigenic subtypes, hemagglutination inhibition assays and immunodiffusion assays failed to detect specific reactivity between H16 and the previously described subtypes H1 to H15. Genetically, H16 HA was found to be distantly related to H13 HA, a subtype also detected exclusively in shorebirds, and the amino acid composition of the putative receptor-binding site of H13 and H16 HAs was found to be distinct from that in HA subtypes circulating in ducks and geese. The H16 viruses contained NA genes that were similar to those of other Eurasian shorebirds but genetically distinct from N3 genes detected in other birds and geographical locations. The European gull viruses were further distinguishable from other influenza A viruses based on their PB2, NP, and NS genes. Gaining information on the full spectrum of avian influenza A viruses and creating reagents for their detection and identification will remain an important task for influenza surveillance, outbreak control, and animal and public health. We propose that sequence analyses of HA and NA genes of influenza A viruses be used for the rapid identification of existing and novel HA and NA subtypes.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dept. of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Phone: 31 10 4088066. Fax: 31 10 4089485. E-mail: r.fouchier{at}erasmusmc.nl.

{dagger} This is contribution no. 198 from Ottenby Bird Observatory.

Journal of Virology, March 2005, p. 2814-2822, Vol. 79, No. 5
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.5.2814-2822.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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