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Journal of Virology, March 2005, p. 2729-2742, Vol. 79, No. 5
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.5.2729-2742.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Identification and Characterization of Avihepadnaviruses Isolated from Exotic Anseriformes Maintained in Captivity

Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,¹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,⁴ Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science,² School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia³

Received 14 June 2004/ Accepted 19 October 2004

Five new hepadnaviruses were cloned from exotic ducks and geese, including the Chiloe wigeon, mandarin duck, puna teal, Orinoco sheldgoose, and ashy-headed sheldgoose. Sequence comparisons revealed that all but the mandarin duck viruses were closely related to existing isolates of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), while mandarin duck virus clones were closely related to Ross goose hepatitis B virus. Nonetheless, the S protein, core protein, and functional domains of the Pol protein were highly conserved in all of the new isolates. The Chiloe wigeon and puna teal hepatitis B viruses, the two new isolates most closely related to DHBV, also lacked an AUG start codon at the beginning of their X open reading frame (ORF). But as previously reported for the heron, Ross goose, and stork hepatitis B viruses, an AUG codon was found near the beginning of the X ORF of the mandarin duck, Orinoco, and ashy-headed sheldgoose viruses. In all of the new isolates, the X ORF ended with a stop codon at the same position. All of the cloned viruses replicated when transfected into the LMH line of chicken hepatoma cells. Significant differences between the new isolates and between these and previously reported isolates were detected in the pre-S domain of the viral envelope protein, which is believed to determine viral host range. Despite this, all of the new isolates were infectious for primary cultures of Pekin duck hepatocytes, and infectivity in young Pekin ducks was demonstrated for all but the ashy-headed sheldgoose isolate.

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