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Journal of Virology, October 2005, p. 13129-13138, Vol. 79, No. 20
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.20.13129-13138.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

SAT: a Late NS Protein of Porcine Parvovirus

INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7

Received 21 March 2005/ Accepted 22 July 2005

The genomes of all members of the Parvovirus genus were found to contain a small open reading frame (ORF), designated SAT, with a start codon four or seven nucleotides downstream of the VP2 initiation codon. Green fluorescent protein or FLAG fusion constructs of SAT demonstrated that these ORFs were expressed. Although the SAT proteins of the different parvoviruses are not particularly conserved, they were all predicted to contain a membrane-spanning helix, and mutations in this hydrophobic stretch affected the localization of the SAT protein. SAT colocalized with calreticulin in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus. A knockout mutant (SAT^–), with an unmodified VP sequence, showed a "slow-spreading" phenotype. These knockout mutants could be complemented with VP2^– SAT⁺ mutant. The SAT protein is a late nonstructural (NS) protein, in contrast to previously identified NS proteins, since it is expressed from the same mRNA as VP2.

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