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Journal of Virology, August 2005, p. 10547-10560, Vol. 79, No. 16
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.16.10547-10560.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Primary Sooty Mangabey Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 nef Alleles Modulate Cell Surface Expression of Various Human Receptors and Enhance Viral Infectivity and Replication

Jan Münch,1,{dagger} Michael Schindler,1,{dagger} Steffen Wildum,1,{dagger} Elke Rücker,1 Nicola Bailer,1 Volker Knoop,2 Francis J. Novembre,3 and Frank Kirchhoff1*

Abteilung Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, 89081 Ulm, Germany,1 Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik, Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany,2 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 N. Gatewood Rd., Atlanta, Georgia 303223

Received 26 October 2004/ Accepted 24 May 2005

The nef gene of the pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mac239 clone has been well characterized. Little is known, however, about the function of nef alleles derived from naturally SIVsm-infected sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) and from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)-infected individuals. Addressing this, we demonstrate that, similarly to the SIVmac239 nef, primary SIVsm and HIV-2 nef alleles down-modulate cell surface expression of human CD4, CD28, CD3, and class I or II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I or MHC-II, respectively) molecules, up-regulate surface expression of the invariant chain (Ii) associated with immature MHC-II, inhibit early T-cell activation events, and enhance virion infectivity. Both also stimulate viral replication, although HIV-2 nef alleles were less active in this assay than SIVsm nef alleles. Mutational analysis showed that a dileucine-based sorting motif in the C-proximal loop of SIV or HIV-2 Nef is critical for its effects on CD4, CD28, and Ii but dispensable for down-regulation of CD3, MHC-I, and MHC-II. The C terminus of SIV and HIV-2 Nef was exclusively required for down-modulation of MHC-I, further demonstrating that analogous functions are mediated by different domains in Nef proteins derived from different groups of primate lentiviruses. Our results demonstrate that none of the eight Nef functions investigated had been newly acquired after cross-species transmission of SIVsm from naturally infected mangabeys to humans or macaques. Notably, HIV-2 and SIVsm nef alleles efficiently down-modulate CD3 and C28 surface expression and inhibit T-cell activation more efficiently than HIV-1 nef alleles. These differences in Nef function might contribute to the relatively low levels of immune activation observed in HIV-2-infected human individuals.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Abteilung Virologie, Universitätsklinikum, Albert-Einsteinallee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. Phone: 49-731-50023344. Fax: 49-731-50023337. E-mail: frank.kirchhoff{at}medizin.uni-ulm.de.

{dagger} The first three authors are in alphabetical order and contributed equally to this work.

Journal of Virology, August 2005, p. 10547-10560, Vol. 79, No. 16
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.16.10547-10560.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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