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Journal of Virology, August 2005, p. 9458-9469, Vol. 79, No. 15
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.15.9458-9469.2005

Vaccinia Virus A21 Virion Membrane Protein Is Required for Cell Entry and Fusion

Alan C. Townsley, Tatiana G. Senkevich, and Bernard Moss*

Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0445

Received 2 March 2005/ Accepted 2 May 2005

We provide the initial characterization of the product of the vaccinia virus A21L (VACWR140) gene and demonstrate that it is required for cell entry and low pH-triggered membrane fusion. The A21L open reading frame, which is conserved in all sequenced members of the poxvirus family, encodes a protein of 117 amino acids with an N-terminal hydrophobic domain and four invariant cysteines. Expression of the A21 protein occurred at late times of infection and was dependent on viral DNA replication. The A21 protein contained two intramolecular disulfide bonds, the formation of which required the vaccinia virus-encoded cytoplasmic redox pathway, and was localized on the surface of the lipoprotein membrane of intracellular mature virions. A conditional lethal mutant, in which A21L gene expression was regulated by isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactopyranoside, was constructed. In the absence of inducer, cell-to-cell spread of virus did not occur, despite the formation of morphologically normal intracellular virions and extracellular virions with actin tails. Purified virions lacking A21 were able to bind to cells, but cores did not penetrate into the cytoplasm and synthesize viral RNA. In addition, virions lacking A21 were unable to mediate low pH-triggered cell-cell fusion. The A21 protein, like the A28 and H2 proteins, is an essential component of the poxvirus entry/fusion apparatus for both intracellular and extracellular virus particles.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Dr., MSC 0445, Bethesda, MD 20892-0445. Phone: (301) 496-9869. Fax: (301) 480-1147. E-mail: bmoss{at}nih.gov.

Journal of Virology, August 2005, p. 9458-9469, Vol. 79, No. 15
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.15.9458-9469.2005




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