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Journal of Virology, July 2005, p. 8282-8294, Vol. 79, No. 13
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.13.8282-8294.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Seroprevalence and Genomic Divergence of Circulating Strains of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus among Felidae and Hyaenidae Species{dagger}

Jennifer L. Troyer,1,2 Jill Pecon-Slattery,1 Melody E. Roelke,3 Warren Johnson,1 Sue VandeWoude,2 Nuria Vazquez-Salat,3 Meredith Brown,1 Laurence Frank,4 Rosie Woodroffe,5 Christiaan Winterbach,6 Hanlie Winterbach,6 Graham Hemson,7 Mitch Bush,8 Kathleen A. Alexander,9 Eloy Revilla,10 and Stephen J. O'Brien1*

Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702,1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523,2 ISRP Program, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702,3 Laikipia Predator Project, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616,5 Tau Consultants (Pty) Ltd. Maun, Botswana,6 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,7 Conservation and Research Center, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Front Royal, Virginia 22630,8 Centre for Conservation of African Resources: Animals, Communities and Land Use, Kasane, Botswana,9 Department of Applied Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain,10

Received 30 September 2004/ Accepted 6 March 2005

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infects numerous wild and domestic feline species and is closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Species-specific strains of FIV have been described for domestic cat (Felis catus), puma (Puma concolor), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), and Pallas' cat (Otocolobus manul). Here, we employ a three-antigen Western blot screening (domestic cat, puma, and lion FIV antigens) and PCR analysis to survey worldwide prevalence, distribution, and genomic differentiation of FIV based on 3,055 specimens from 35 Felidae and 3 Hyaenidae species. Although FIV infects a wide variety of host species, it is confirmed to be endemic in free-ranging populations of nine Felidae and one Hyaenidae species. These include the large African carnivores (lion, leopard, cheetah, and spotted hyena), where FIV is widely distributed in multiple populations; most of the South American felids (puma, jaguar, ocelot, margay, Geoffroy's cat, and tigrina), which maintain a lower FIV-positive level throughout their range; and two Asian species, the Pallas' cat, which has a species-specific strain of FIV, and the leopard cat, which has a domestic cat FIV strain in one population. Phylogenetic analysis of FIV proviral sequence demonstrates that most species for which FIV is endemic harbor monophyletic, genetically distinct species-specific FIV strains, suggesting that FIV transfer between cat species has occurred in the past but is quite infrequent today.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201. Phone: (301) 846-1296. Fax: (301) 846-1686. E-mail: obrien{at}ncifcrf.gov.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jvi.asm.org/.

Journal of Virology, July 2005, p. 8282-8294, Vol. 79, No. 13
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.13.8282-8294.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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