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Journal of Virology, June 2005, p. 7239-7247, Vol. 79, No. 11
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.11.7239-7247.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Loss of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 in Cells Infected with Classical Swine Fever Virus Involves the N-Terminal Protease, Npro

S. Anna La Rocca,1 Rebecca J. Herbert,1 Helen Crooke,2 Trevor W. Drew,2 Thomas E. Wileman,1 and Penny P. Powell1*

Department of Immunology, BBSRC Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF,1 Department of Virology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom2

Received 22 September 2004/ Accepted 5 January 2005

We show that cells infected with the pestivirus classical swine fever virus (CSFV) fail to produce alpha/beta interferon not only following treatment with double-stranded RNA but also after superinfection with a heterologous virus, the alphavirus Sindbis virus, a virus shown to normally induce interferon. We investigated whether the inhibition of interferon synthesis by CSFV involved a block in interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activity. Cells infected with CSFV exhibited a lack of translocation of green fluorescent protein-IRF3 to the nucleus; however, constitutive shuttling of IRF3 was not blocked, since it could still accumulate in the nucleus in the presence of leptomycin B. Interestingly subcellular fractionation analysis showed that IRF3 was lost from the cytoplasm of infected cells from 18 h postinfection onwards. Using IRF3 promoter-luciferase reporter constructs, we demonstrate that loss of IRF3 was due to an inhibition of transcription of the IRF3 gene in CSFV-infected cells. Further, we investigated which viral protein may be responsible for the inhibition of interferon and loss of IRF3. We used cell lines expressing the CSFV N-terminal protease (Npro) to show that this single viral protein, unique to pestiviruses, inhibited interferon production in response to Sindbis virus. In addition to being lost from CSFV-infected cells, IRF3 was lost from Npro-expressing cells. The results demonstrate a novel viral evasion of innate host defenses, where interferon synthesis is prevented by inhibiting transcription of IRF3 in CSFV-infected cells.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 1483 231090. Fax: 44 1483 232448. E-mail: penny.powell{at}bbsrc.ac.uk.

Journal of Virology, June 2005, p. 7239-7247, Vol. 79, No. 11
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.11.7239-7247.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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