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Journal of Virology, May 2004, p. 4876-4883, Vol. 78, No. 9
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.9.4876-4883.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Characterization of a Highly Evolved Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Type 3 Isolated from Sewage in Estonia

Soile Blomqvist,1* Carita Savolainen,1 Pia Laine,1 Päivi Hirttiö,1 Elisa Lamminsalo,1 Eija Penttilä,1 Silver Jöks,2 Merja Roivainen,1 and Tapani Hovi1

Department of Microbiology, Enterovirus Laboratory, National Public Health Institute (KTL), 00300 Helsinki, Finland,1 Central Laboratory of Virology, Health Protection Inspectorate, 11315 Tallinn, Estonia2

Received 24 September 2003/ Accepted 2 January 2004

Two types of vaccine-derived polioviruses have been recently designated to emphasize the different origins of the evolved viruses: circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) associated with outbreaks of paralytic disease and strains isolated from chronically infected immunodeficient individuals (iVDPV). We describe here a type 3 VDPV (PV3/EST/02/E252; later E252) isolated from sewage collected in Tallinn, Estonia, in October 2002. Due to aberrant properties in subtyping, the virus was subjected to detailed characterization. Partial genomic sequencing suggested that the closest relative was the oral vaccine strain PV3/Sabin, but the two virus strains shared only 86.7% of the 900 nucleotides (nt) coding for the capsid protein VP1. Phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete genome [nt 19 to poly(A)] revealed multiple nucleotide substitutions throughout the genome and a possible Sabin 3/Sabin 1-recombination junction site in the 2C coding region. A calculation based on the estimated mutation frequency of the P1 region of polioviruses suggested that the E252 virus might have replicated in one or more individuals for approximately 10 years. No persons chronically excreting poliovirus are known in Estonia. Amino acid substitutions were seen in all known antigenic sites, which was consistent with the observed aberrant antigenic properties of the virus demonstrated by both monoclonal antibodies and human sera from vaccinated children. In spite of the apparent transmission potential, no evidence was obtained for circulation of the virus in the Estonian population.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, Enterovirus Laboratory, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. Phone: 358 9 47448490. Fax: 358 9 47448355. E-mail: soile.blomqvist{at}ktl.fi.

Journal of Virology, May 2004, p. 4876-4883, Vol. 78, No. 9
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.9.4876-4883.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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