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Journal of Virology, April 2004, p. 3817-3826, Vol. 78, No. 8
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.8.3817-3826.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Genogroup II Noroviruses Efficiently Bind to Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Associated with the Cellular Membrane

Masaru Tamura,1,2,{dagger} Katsuro Natori,1 Masahiko Kobayashi,2 Tatsuo Miyamura,1 and Naokazu Takeda1*

Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011,1 Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan2

Received 15 August 2003/ Accepted 12 December 2003

Norovirus (NV), a member of the family Caliciviridae, is one of the important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis. In the present study, we found that virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from genogroup II (GII) NV were bound to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Interestingly, the VLPs derived from GII were more than ten times likelier to bind to cells than were those derived from genogroup I (GI). Heparin, a sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and suramin, a highly sulfated derivative of urea, efficiently blocked VLP binding to mammalian cell surfaces. The reagents known to bind to cell surface heparan sulfate, as well as the enzymes that specifically digest heparan sulfate, markedly reduced VLP binding to the cells. Treatment of the cells with chlorate revealed that sulfation of heparan sulfate plays an important role in the NV-heparan sulfate interaction. The binding efficiency of NV to undifferentiated Caco-2 (U-Caco-2) cells differed largely between GI NV and GII NV, whereas the efficiency of binding to differentiated Caco-2 (D-Caco-2) cells did not differ significantly between the two genogroups, although slight differences between strains were observed. Digestion with heparinase I resulted in a reduction of up to 90% in U-Caco-2 cells and a reduction of up to only 50% in D-Caco-2 cells, indicating that heparan sulfate is the major binding molecule for U-Caco-2 cells, while it contributed to only half of the binding in the case of D-Caco-2 cells. The other half of those VLPs was likely to be associated with H-type blood antigen, suggesting that GII NV has two separate binding sites. The present study is the first to address the possible role of cell surface glycosaminoglycans in the binding of recombinant VLPs of NV.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan. Phone: 81-42-561-0771. Fax: 81-42-561-4729. E-mail: ntakeda{at}nih.go.jp.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.

Journal of Virology, April 2004, p. 3817-3826, Vol. 78, No. 8
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.8.3817-3826.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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