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Journal of Virology, April 2004, p. 3777-3791, Vol. 78, No. 7
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.7.3777-3791.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Patterns of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Multiple Infection and Genome Divergence in a Free-Ranging Population of African Lions

Jennifer L. Troyer,1 Jill Pecon-Slattery,1 Melody E. Roelke,2 Lori Black,1,{dagger} Craig Packer,3 and Stephen J. O'Brien1*

Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick,1 IRSP Program, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702,2 Department of Ecology and Behavior Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 551083

Received 13 March 2003/ Accepted 21 October 2003

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that causes AIDS-like immunodeficiency disease in domestic cats. Free-ranging lions, Panthera leo, carry a chronic species-specific strain of FIV, FIV-Ple, which so far has not been convincingly connected with immune pathology or mortality. FIV-Ple, harboring the three distinct strains A, B, and C defined by pol gene sequence divergences, is endemic in the large outbred population of lions in the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania. Here we describe the pattern of variation in the three FIV genes gag, pol-RT, and pol-RNase among lions within 13 prides to assess the occurrence of FIV infection and coinfection. Genome diversity within and among FIV-Ple strains is shown to be large, with strain divergence for each gene approaching genetic distances observed for FIV between different species of cats. Multiple in fections with two or three strains were found in 43% of the FIV-positive individuals based on pol-RT sequence analysis, which may suggest that antiviral immunity or interference evoked by one strain is not consistently protective against infection by a second. This comprehensive study of FIV-Ple in a free-ranging population of lions reveals a dynamic transmission of virus in a social species that has historically adapted to render the virus benign.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201. Phone: (301) 846-1296. Fax: (301) 846-1686. E-mail: obrien{at}ncifcrf.gov.

{dagger} Present address: National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, MD 20892.

Journal of Virology, April 2004, p. 3777-3791, Vol. 78, No. 7
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.7.3777-3791.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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