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Journal of Virology, March 2004, p. 3035-3045, Vol. 78, No. 6
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.6.3035-3045.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Norovirus Capture with Histo-Blood Group Antigens Reveals Novel Virus-Ligand Interactions

Patrick R. Harrington,1,{dagger} Jan Vinjé,2 Christine L. Moe,3 and Ralph S. Baric1,4*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine,1 Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering,2 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599,4 Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 303223

Received 9 September 2003/ Accepted 18 November 2003

Noroviruses are genetically diverse, uncultivable, positive-sense RNA viruses and are the most common cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in humans in the United States. Recent studies of norovirus attachment in vitro by using recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) suggest that various norovirus strains exhibit different patterns of attachment to ABH histo-blood group antigens, which are carbohydrate epitopes present in high concentrations on mucosal cell surfaces of the gut. However, attachment of live norovirus strains to histo-blood group antigens has not been investigated to date. Utilizing a newly designed magnetic bead-virus capture method, we characterized histo-blood group antigen attachment properties of various norovirus strains obtained from clinical stool specimens to compare the attachment properties of wild-type virus and VLPs and to further map norovirus attachment. Consistent with previous reports using VLPs, various strains of noroviruses exhibited different patterns of attachment to histo- blood group antigens. Norwalk virus bound specifically to H type 1, H type 3, and Leb. Two genogroup II noroviruses, one representing the Toronto genotype and the other from a novel genotype, bound specifically to Leb. A Desert Shield-like strain did not attach to H types 1, 2, or 3, H type 1 and 3 precursors, Lea, or Leb. Surprisingly, wild-type Snow Mountain virus (SMV) attached specifically to H type 3, which contradicted previous findings with SMV VLPs. On further investigation, we found that stool components promote this attachment, providing the first known observation that one or more components of human feces could promote and enhance norovirus attachment to histo-blood group antigens.


* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435. Phone: (919) 966-3895. Fax: (919) 966-2089. E-mail: rbaric{at}sph.unc.edu.

{dagger} Present address: Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295.


Journal of Virology, March 2004, p. 3035-3045, Vol. 78, No. 6
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.6.3035-3045.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.




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