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Neutralizing Antibodies and CD8⁺ T Lymphocytes both Contribute to Immunity to Adenovirus Serotype 5 Vaccine Vectors

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,¹ Crucell Holland, Leiden, The Netherlands²

Received 1 October 2003/ Accepted 17 November 2003

The high prevalence of preexisting immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in human populations will likely limit the immunogenicity and clinical utility of recombinant Ad5 vector-based vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other pathogens. Ad5-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are thought to contribute substantially to anti-Ad5 immunity, but the potential importance of Ad5-specific T lymphocytes in this setting has not been fully characterized. Here we assess the relative contributions of Ad5-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in blunting the immunogenicity of a rAd5-Env vaccine in mice. Adoptive transfer of Ad5-specific NAbs resulted in a dramatic abrogation of Env-specific immune responses following immunization with rAd5-Env. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of Ad5-specific CD8⁺ T lymphocytes also resulted in a significant and durable suppression of rAd5-Env immunogenicity. These data demonstrate that NAbs and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes both contribute to immunity to Ad5. Novel adenovirus vectors that are currently being developed to circumvent the problem of preexisting anti-Ad5 immunity should therefore be designed to evade both humoral and cellular Ad5-specific immune responses.

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