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Journal of Virology, March 2004, p. 2277-2287, Vol. 78, No. 5
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.5.2277-2287.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Role for CCR5{Delta}32 Protein in Resistance to R5, R5X4, and X4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Primary CD4+ Cells

Lokesh Agrawal,1 Xihua Lu,1 Jin Qingwen,1 Zainab VanHorn-Ali,1 Ioan Vlad Nicolescu,1 David H. McDermott,2 Philip M. Murphy,2 and Ghalib Alkhatib1*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202,1 Laboratory of Host Defenses, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 208922

Received 30 June 2003/ Accepted 11 November 2003

CCR5{Delta}32 is a loss-of-function mutation that abolishes cell surface expression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coreceptor CCR5 and provides genetic resistance to HIV infection and disease progression. Since CXCR4 and other HIV coreceptors also exist, we hypothesized that CCR5{Delta}32-mediated resistance may be due not only to the loss of CCR5 function but also to a gain-of-function mechanism, specifically the active inhibition of alternative coreceptors by the mutant CCR5{Delta}32 protein. Here we demonstrate that efficient expression of the CCR5{Delta}32 protein in primary CD4+ cells by use of a recombinant adenovirus (Ad5/{Delta}32) was able to down-regulate surface expression of both wild-type CCR5 and CXCR4 and to confer broad resistance to R5, R5X4, and X4 HIV type 1 (HIV-1). This may be important clinically, since we found that CD4+ cells purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of individuals who were homozygous for CCR5{Delta}32, which expressed the mutant protein endogenously, consistently expressed lower levels of CXCR4 and showed less susceptibility to X4 HIV-1 isolates than cells from individuals lacking the mutation. Moreover, CD4+ cells from individuals who were homozygous for CCR5{Delta}32 expressed the mutant protein in five of five HIV-exposed, uninfected donors tested but not in either of two HIV-infected donors tested. The mechanism of inhibition may involve direct scavenging, since we were able to observe a direct interaction of CCR5 and CXCR4 with CCR5{Delta}32, both by genetic criteria using the yeast two-hybrid system and by biochemical criteria using the coimmunoprecipitation of heterodimers. Thus, these results suggest that at least two distinct mechanisms may account for genetic resistance to HIV conferred by CCR5{Delta}32: the loss of wild-type CCR5 surface expression and the generation of CCR5{Delta}32 protein, which functions as a scavenger of both CCR5 and CXCR4.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., Rm. 420, Indianapolis, IN 46202. Phone: (317) 278-3698. Fax: (317) 274-4090. E-mail: galkhati{at}iupui.edu.

Journal of Virology, March 2004, p. 2277-2287, Vol. 78, No. 5
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.5.2277-2287.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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