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Journal of Virology, December 2004, p. 12877-12887, Vol. 78, No. 23
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.23.12877-12887.2004

Recombinant Human Metapneumovirus Lacking the Small Hydrophobic SH and/or Attachment G Glycoprotein: Deletion of G Yields a Promising Vaccine Candidate

Stéphane Biacchesi, Mario H. Skiadopoulos, Lijuan Yang, Elaine W. Lamirande, Kim C. Tran, Brian R. Murphy, Peter L. Collins, and Ursula J. Buchholz*

Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland

Received 24 May 2004/ Accepted 8 July 2004

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently been identified as a significant cause of serious respiratory tract disease in humans. In particular, the emerging information on the contribution of HMPV to pediatric respiratory tract disease suggests that it will be important to develop a vaccine against this virus for use in conjunction with those being developed for human respiratory syncytial virus and the human parainfluenza viruses. A recently described reverse genetic system (S. Biacchesi, M. H. Skiadopoulos, K. C. Tran, B. R. Murphy, P. L. Collins, and U. J. Buchholz, Virology 321:247-259, 2004) was used to generate recombinant HMPVs (rHMPVs) that lack the G gene, the SH gene, or both. The {Delta}SH, {Delta}G, and {Delta}SH/G deletion mutants were readily recovered and were found to replicate efficiently during multicycle growth in cell culture. Thus, the SH and G proteins are not essential for growth in cell culture. Apart from the absence of the deleted protein(s), the virions produced by the gene deletion mutants were similar by protein yield and gel electrophoresis protein profile to wild-type HMPV. When administered intranasally to hamsters, the {Delta}G and {Delta}SH/G mutants replicated in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, showing that HMPV containing F as the sole viral surface protein is competent for replication in vivo. However, both viruses were at least 40-fold and 600-fold restricted in replication in the lower and upper respiratory tract, respectively, compared to wild-type rHMPV. They also induced high titers of HMPV-neutralizing serum antibodies and conferred complete protection against replication of wild-type HMPV challenge virus in the lungs. Surprisingly, G is dispensable for protection, and the {Delta}G and {Delta}SH/G viruses represent promising vaccine candidates. In contrast, {Delta}SH replicated somewhat more efficiently in hamster lungs compared to wild-type rHMPV (20-fold increase on day 5 postinfection). This indicates that SH is completely dispensable in vivo and that its deletion does not confer an attenuating effect, at least in this rodent model.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Building 50, Room 6505, 50 South Dr. MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007. Phone: (301) 594-1533. Fax: (301) 496-8312. E-mail: ubuchholz{at}niaid.nih.gov.

Journal of Virology, December 2004, p. 12877-12887, Vol. 78, No. 23
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.23.12877-12887.2004




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