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Journal of Virology, November 2004, p. 11972-11979, Vol. 78, No. 21
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.21.11972-11979.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Transmission Study of Andes Hantavirus Infection in Wild Sigmodontine Rodents

Servicio Biología Molecular, Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina,¹ Instituto de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias,² Instituto de Microbiología Clínica,³ Instituto de Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile⁴

Received 22 January 2004/ Accepted 24 May 2004

Our study was designed to contribute to an understanding of the timing and conditions under which transmission of Andes hantavirus in Oligoryzomys longicaudatus reservoir populations takes place. Mice were caged in test habitats consisting of steel drums containing holding cages, where seronegative rodents were exposed to wild seropositive individuals by freely sharing the same cage or being separated by a wire mesh. Tests were also performed for potential viral transmission to mice from excrement-tainted bedding in the cages. Andes virus transmitted efficiently; from 130 attempts with direct contact, 12.3% resulted in virus transmission. However, if we consider only those rodents that proved to be infectious, from 93 attempts we obtained 16 infected animals (17.2%). Twelve of them resulted from intraspecies O. longicaudatus encounters where male mice were differentially affected and 4 resulted from O. longicaudatus to Abrothrix olivaceus. Experiments using Abrothrix longipilis as receptors were not successful. Transmission was not observed between wire mesh-separated animals, and mice were not infected from excrement-tainted bedding. Bites seemed not to be a requisite for oral transmission. Genomic viral RNA was amplified in two out of three saliva samples from seropositive rodents, but it was not detected in urine samples obtained by vesicle puncture from two other infected rodents. Immunohistochemistry, using antibodies against Andes (AND) hantavirus proteins, revealed strong reactions in the lung and salivary glands, supporting the possibility of oral transmission. Our study suggests that AND hantavirus may be principally transmitted via saliva or saliva aerosols rather than via feces and urine.

This paper is a tribute to our late colleague, Luz A. González, coapplicant of the grant, who died in January 2002.

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