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Journal of Virology, November 2004, p. 11664-11677, Vol. 78, No. 21
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.21.11664-11677.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Human Cytomegalovirus DNA Replication Requires Transcriptional Activation via an IE2- and UL84-Responsive Bidirectional Promoter Element within oriLyt

Yiyang Xu, Sylvia A. Cei, Alicia Rodriguez Huete, Kelly S. Colletti, and Gregory S. Pari*

Department of Microbiology and Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Nevada—Reno, Reno, Nevada

Received 20 February 2004/ Accepted 15 June 2004

Amplification of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) lytic origin (oriLyt) in human fibroblasts is dependent upon six core replication proteins and UL84, IE2, and UL36-38. Using a telomerase-immortalized human fibroblast cell line (T-HFs), oriLyt-dependent DNA replication no longer required the gene products of UL36-38. To determine the role of IE2 in DNA replication in human fibroblasts, we examined potential IE2-binding sites within HCMV oriLyt. We now show that a strong bidirectional promoter (oriLytPM) (nucleotides 91754 to 92030) is located in the previously identified core region of the origin and is required for efficient amplification of oriLyt. It was determined that a 14-bp novel DNA motif (oriLyt promoter activation element), which was initially identified as a binding element for the immediate-early protein IE2, was essential for oriLytPM activity. In Vero cells the oriLytPM was constitutively active and strongly repressed by IE2, but it was reactivated by UL84. In contrast, transfection of the oriLytPM into human fibroblasts resulted in a very low basal level of promoter activity that was dramatically up-regulated upon infection with HCMV. Cotransfection assays demonstrated that the transfection of UL84 along with IE2 transactivated the oriLytPM in human fibroblasts. Further activation was observed upon cotransfection of the set of plasmids expressing the entire replication complex. Efficient oriLyt amplification in the absence of IE2 in human fibroblasts was observed by replacing the oriLytPM with the simian virus 40 early promoter. Under these conditions, however, UL84 was still required for amplification of oriLyt. These results suggest that the mechanism of initiation of HCMV lytic replication in part involves transcriptional activation.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada—Reno, Howard Bldg., Reno, NV 89557. Phone: (775) 784-4824. Fax: (775) 327-2332. E-mail: gpari{at}med.unr.edu.

Journal of Virology, November 2004, p. 11664-11677, Vol. 78, No. 21
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.21.11664-11677.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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