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Journal of Virology, October 2004, p. 10617-10627, Vol. 78, No. 19
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.19.10617-10627.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Profile of Resistance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus to Mannose-Specific Plant Lectins

Jan Balzarini,1* Kristel Van Laethem,1,2 Sigrid Hatse,1 Kurt Vermeire,1 Erik De Clercq,1 Willy Peumans,3 Els Van Damme,3 Anne-Mieke Vandamme,1,2 Anders Böhlmstedt,4 and Dominique Schols1

Rega Institute for Medical Research,1 University Hospitals St. Rafael, Leuven,2 Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Gent, Belgium,3 Swedish Institute for Infectious Diseases, Göteborg, Sweden4

Received 3 February 2004/ Accepted 10 May 2004

The mannose-specific plant lectins from the Amaryllidaceae family (e.g., Hippeastrum sp. hybrid and Galanthus nivalis) inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of human lymphocytic cells in the higher nanogram per milliliter range and suppress syncytium formation between persistently HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-infected cells and uninfected CD4+ T cells. These lectins inhibit virus entry. When exposed to escalating concentrations of G. nivalis and Hippeastrum sp. hybrid agglutinin, a variety of HIV-1(IIIB) strains were isolated after 20 to 40 subcultivations which showed a decreased sensitivity to the plant lectins. Several amino acid changes in the envelope glycoprotein gp120, but not in gp41, of the mutant virus isolates were observed. The vast majority of the amino acid changes occurred at the N glycosylation sites and at the S or T residues that are part of the N glycosylation motif. The degree of resistance to the plant lectins was invariably correlated with an increasing number of mutated glycosylation sites in gp120. The nature of these mutations was entirely different from that of mutations that are known to appear in HIV-1 gp120 under the pressure of other viral entry inhibitors such as dextran sulfate, bicyclams (i.e., AMD3100), and chicoric acid, which also explains the lack of cross-resistance of plant lectin-resistant viruses to any other HIV inhibitor including T-20 and the blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)-derived mannose-specific cyanovirin. The plant lectins represent a well-defined class of anti-HIV (microbicidal) drugs with a novel HIV drug resistance profile different from those of other existing anti-HIV drugs.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Phone: (32) 16-337341. Fax: (32) 16-337340. E-mail: jan.balzarini{at}rega.kuleuven.ac.be.

Journal of Virology, October 2004, p. 10617-10627, Vol. 78, No. 19
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.19.10617-10627.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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