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Journal of Virology, September 2004, p. 10166-10177, Vol. 78, No. 18
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.18.10166-10177.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Bidirectional Increase in Permeability of Nuclear Envelope upon Poliovirus Infection and Accompanying Alterations of Nuclear Pores

George A. Belov ,1,2,{dagger},{ddagger} Peter V. Lidsky,1,{dagger} Olga V. Mikitas,1 Denise Egger,3 Konstantin A. Lukyanov,4 Kurt Bienz,3 and Vadim I. Agol1,2*

M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences,1 M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,2 Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation,4 Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland3

Received 26 February 2004/ Accepted 4 May 2004

Poliovirus and some other picornaviruses trigger relocation of certain nuclear proteins into the cytoplasm. Here, by using a protein changing its fluorescence color with time and containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS), we demonstrate that the poliovirus-triggered relocation is largely due to the exit of presynthesized nuclear protein into the cytoplasm. The leakiness of the nuclear envelope was also documented by the inability of nuclei from digitonin-permeabilized, virus-infected (but not mock-infected) cells to retain an NLS-containing derivative of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The cytoplasm-to-nucleus traffic was also facilitated during infection, as evidenced by experiments with GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), cyclin B1, and an NLS-lacking derivative of GFP, which are predominantly cytoplasmic in uninfected cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated that a bar-like barrier structure in the channel of the nuclear pores, seen in uninfected cells, was missing in the infected cells, giving the impression of fully open pores. Transient expression of poliovirus 2A protease also resulted in relocation of the nuclear proteins. Lysates from poliovirus-infected or 2A-expressing cells induced efflux of 3xEGFP-NLS from the nuclei of permeabilized uninfected cells. This activity was inhibited by the elastase inhibitors elastatinal and N-(methoxysuccinyl)-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-valine chloromethylketone (drugs known also to be inhibitors of poliovirus protease 2A), a caspase inhibitor zVAD(OMe), fmk, and some other protease inhibitors. These data suggest that 2A elicited nuclear efflux, possibly in cooperation with a zVAD(OMe).fmk-sensitive protease. However, poliovirus infection facilitated nuclear protein efflux also in cells deficient in caspase-3 and caspase-9, suggesting that the efflux may occur without the involvement of these enzymes. The biological relevance of nucleocytoplasmic traffic alterations in infected cells is discussed.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Poliomyelitis, Moscow Region 142782, Russia. Phone: 7 (095) 439-9026. Fax: 7 (095) 439-9321. E-mail: agol{at}belozersky.msu.ru.

{dagger} G.A.B. and P.V.L. contributed equally to this study.

{ddagger} Present address: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.

Journal of Virology, September 2004, p. 10166-10177, Vol. 78, No. 18
0022-538X/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.18.10166-10177.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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