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Kinetics of Virus-Specific CD8⁺ T Cells and the Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, and Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia,¹ Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,² Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico³

Received 5 December 2003/ Accepted 11 May 2004

Several primate models indicate that cytotoxic T lymphocyte-inducing vaccines may be unable to prevent human immunodeficiency virus infection but may have a long-term benefit in controlling viral replication and delaying disease progression. Here we show that analysis of the kinetics of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T-cell expansion suggests a delay in activation following infection that allows unimpeded early viral replication. Viral kinetics do not differ between controls and vaccinees during this delay phase. An increase in virus-specific CD8⁺ T-cell numbers around day 10 postinfection coincides with a slowing in viral replication in vaccinees and reduces peak viral loads by around 1 log. However, this response is too little too late to prevent establishment of persistent infection.

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