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Journal of Virology, April 2003, p. 4867-4880, Vol. 77, No. 8
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.8.4867-4880.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Characterization and Comparison of Recombinant Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) Isolates

Jinjie Hu,1 William M. Switzer,2 Brian T. Foley,3 David L. Robertson,4 Robert M. Goeken,1 Bette T. Korber,3 Vanessa M. Hirsch,1* and Brigitte E. Beer1

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852,1 HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333,2 Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Group T-10, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom4

Received 11 October 2002/ Accepted 10 January 2003

Since simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was found to be the source of the human AIDS pandemic, a major goal has been to characterize the diversity of SIV strains in the wild and to assess their potential for crossover into humans. In the present study, SIV was isolated from a seropositive drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and three seropositive mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) by using macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Full-length sequences were obtained from a drill and mandrill and designated SIVdrl1FAO and SIVmnd5440, respectively. A 182-bp fragment of the pol genes of the two remaining mandrill SIV isolates was also analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that SIVdrl1FAO formed a monophyletic clade with SIVmnd5440 and SIVmndM14, recently designated SIVmnd type 2. Both the SIVdrl and SIVmnd type 2 genomes carried a vpx gene and appeared to share a common ancestor with SIVrcm in the 5' region of the genome and with SIVmndGB1 (type 1) in the 3' region of the genome. A statistically significant recombination breakpoint was detected at the beginning of envelope, suggesting that the viruses were descendents of the same recombinant. Phylogenetic analysis of vpx and vpr genes demonstrated that the vpx genes formed a monophyletic cluster that grouped with vpr from SIVagm. In addition, both SIVdrl1FAO and SIVmnd5440 replicated in human PBMC and therefore could pose a risk of transmission to the human population.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Dr., Rockville, MD 20852. Phone: (301) 496-2976. Fax: (301) 480-4227. E-mail: vhirsch{at}nih.gov.

Journal of Virology, April 2003, p. 4867-4880, Vol. 77, No. 8
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.8.4867-4880.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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