This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Brasey, A. Articles by Sonenberg, N. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Brasey, A. Articles by Sonenberg, N.

The Leader of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomic RNA Harbors an Internal Ribosome Entry Segment That Is Active during the G₂/M Phase of the Cell Cycle

Biochemistry Department, McGill University, H3G 1Y6 Montréal, Canada,¹ LaboRetro, INSERM U 412, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France,² Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands³

Received 10 September 2002/ Accepted 10 January 2003

The 5' leader of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic RNA contains highly structured domains involved in key steps of the viral life cycle. These RNA domains inhibit cap-dependent protein synthesis. Here we report that the HIV-1 5' leader harbors an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) capable of driving protein synthesis during the G₂/M cell cycle phase in which cap-dependent initiation is inhibited. The HIV-1 IRES was delineated with bicistronic mRNAs in in vitro and ex vivo assays. The HIV-1 leader IRES spans nucleotides 104 to 336 and partially overlaps the major determinants of genomic RNA packaging. These data strongly suggest that, as for HIV-1 transcription, IRES-mediated translation initiation could play an important role in virus replication during virus-induced G₂/M cell cycle arrest.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Ricci, E. P., Herbreteau, C. H., Decimo, D., Schaupp, A., Datta, S. A.K., Rein, A., Darlix, J.-L., Ohlmann, T. (2008). In vitro expression of the HIV-2 genomic RNA is controlled by three distinct internal ribosome entry segments that are regulated by the HIV protease and the Gag polyprotein. RNA 14: 1443-1455 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Camerini, V., Decimo, D., Balvay, L., Pistello, M., Bendinelli, M., Darlix, J.-L., Ohlmann, T. (2008). A Dormant Internal Ribosome Entry Site Controls Translation of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol. 82: 3574-3583 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• DeHart, J. L., Planelles, V. (2008). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Links Proteasomal Degradation and Checkpoint Activation. J. Virol. 82: 1066-1072 [Full Text]  
• Gendron, K., Charbonneau, J., Dulude, D., Heveker, N., Ferbeyre, G., Brakier-Gingras, L. (2008). The presence of the TAR RNA structure alters the programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift efficiency of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by modifying the rate of translation initiation. Nucleic Acids Res 36: 30-40 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dmitriev, S. E., Andreev, D. E., Terenin, I. M., Olovnikov, I. A., Prassolov, V. S., Merrick, W. C., Shatsky, I. N. (2007). Efficient Translation Initiation Directed by the 900-Nucleotide-Long and GC-Rich 5' Untranslated Region of the Human Retrotransposon LINE-1 mRNA Is Strictly Cap Dependent Rather than Internal Ribosome Entry Site Mediated. Mol. Cell. Biol. 27: 4685-4697 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anderson, J. L., Johnson, A. T., Howard, J. L., Purcell, D. F. J. (2007). Both Linear and Discontinuous Ribosome Scanning Are Used for Translation Initiation from Bicistronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env mRNAs. J. Virol. 81: 4664-4676 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bolinger, C., Yilmaz, A., Hartman, T. R., Kovacic, M. B., Fernandez, S., Ye, J., Forget, M., Green, P. L., Boris-Lawrie, K. (2007). RNA helicase A interacts with divergent lymphotropic retroviruses and promotes translation of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Nucleic Acids Res 0: gkm124v1-14 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bjarnadottir, H., Gudmundsson, B., Gudnason, J., Jonsson, J. J. (2006). Encapsidation Determinants Located Downstream of the Major Splice Donor in the Maedi-Visna Virus Leader Region. J. Virol. 80: 11743-11755 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cornelis, S., Tinton, S. A., Schepens, B., Bruynooghe, Y., Beyaert, R. (2005). UNR translation can be driven by an IRES element that is negatively regulated by polypyrimidine tract binding protein. Nucleic Acids Res 33: 3095-3108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dobson, T., Minic, A., Nielsen, K., Amiott, E., Krushel, L. (2005). Internal initiation of translation of the TrkB mRNA is mediated by multiple regions within the 5' leader. Nucleic Acids Res 33: 2929-2941 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• RONFORT, C., DE BREYNE, S., SANDRIN, V., DARLIX, J.-L., OHLMANN, T. (2004). Characterization of two distinct RNA domains that regulate translation of the Drosophila gypsy retroelement. RNA 10: 504-515 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Roy, G., Miron, M., Khaleghpour, K., Lasko, P., Sonenberg, N. (2004). The Drosophila Poly(A) Binding Protein-Interacting Protein, dPaip2, Is a Novel Effector of Cell Growth. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24: 1143-1154 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Russell, R. S., Roldan, A., Detorio, M., Hu, J., Wainberg, M. A., Liang, C. (2003). Effects of a Single Amino Acid Substitution within the p2 Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 on Packaging of Spliced Viral RNA. J. Virol. 77: 12986-12995 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Alvarez, E., Menendez-Arias, L., Carrasco, L. (2003). The Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4GI Is Cleaved by Different Retroviral Proteases. J. Virol. 77: 12392-12400 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Meignin, C., Bailly, J.-L., Arnaud, F., Dastugue, B., Vaury, C. (2003). The 5' Untranslated Region and Gag product of Idefix, a Long Terminal Repeat-Retrotransposon from Drosophila melanogaster, Act Together To Initiate a Switch between Translated and Untranslated States of the Genomic mRNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23: 8246-8254 [Abstract] [Full Text]