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Journal of Virology, March 2003, p. 3470-3476, Vol. 77, No. 6
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.6.3470-3476.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Replication in Normal Human Oral Keratinocytes

Xuan Liu,1,2* Junli Zha,3 Hongying Chen,1 Junko Nishitani,2 Paulo Camargo,4 Steve W. Cole,5 and Jerome A. Zack5

Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,1 Otolaryngology,2 Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059,3 School of Dentistry,4 Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 900955

Received 25 November 2002/ Accepted 18 December 2002

Recent epidemiologic studies show increasing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission through oral-genital contact. This paper examines the possibility that normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOKs) might be directly infected by HIV or might convey infectious HIV virions to adjacent leukocytes. PCR analysis of proviral DNA constructs showed that NHOKs can be infected by CXCR4-tropic (NL4-3 and ELI) and dualtropic (89.6) strains of HIV-1 to generate a weak but productive infection. CCR5-tropic strain Ba-L sustained minimal viral replication. Antibody inhibition studies showed that infection by CXCR4-tropic viral strains is mediated by the galactosylceramide receptor and the CXCR4 chemokine coreceptor. Coculture studies showed that infectious HIV-1 virions can also be conveyed from NHOKs to activated peripheral blood lymphocytes, suggesting a potential role of oral epithelial cells in the transmission of HIV infection.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th St., Los Angeles, CA 90059. Phone: (310) 668-3248. Fax: (310) 668-4554. E-mail: xuliu{at}cdrewu.edu.

Journal of Virology, March 2003, p. 3470-3476, Vol. 77, No. 6
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.6.3470-3476.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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