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Journal of Virology, March 2003, p. 2832-2842, Vol. 77, No. 5
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.5.2832-2842.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Quantitative Role of the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E5 Gene during the Productive Stage of the Viral Life Cycle

Sybil M. Genther,1 Stephanie Sterling,2 Stefan Duensing,3 Karl Münger,3 Carol Sattler,1 and Paul F. Lambert1*

McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,1 Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,2 Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 021153

Received 19 September 2002/ Accepted 18 November 2002

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small circular DNA viruses that cause warts. Infection with high-risk anogenital HPVs, such as HPV type 16 (HPV16), is associated with human cancers, specifically cervical cancer. The life cycle of HPVs is intimately tied to the differentiation status of the host epithelium and has two distinct stages: the nonproductive stage and the productive stage. In the nonproductive stage, which arises in the poorly differentiated basal epithelial compartment of a wart, the virus maintains itself as a low-copy-number nuclear plasmid. In the productive stage, which arises as the host cell undergoes terminal differentiation, viral DNA is amplified; the capsid genes, L1 and L2, are expressed; and progeny virions are produced. This stage of the viral life cycle relies on the ability of the virus to reprogram the differentiated cells to support DNA synthesis. Papillomaviruses encode multiple oncoproteins, E5, E6, and E7. In the present study, we analyze the role of one of these viral oncogenes, E5, in the viral life cycle. To assess the role of E5 in the HPV16 life cycle, we introduced wild-type (WT) or E5 mutant HPV16 genomes into NIKS, a keratinocyte cell line that supports the papillomavirus life cycle. By culturing these cells under conditions that allow them to remain undifferentiated, a state similar to that of basal epithelial cells, we determined that E5 does not play an essential role in the nonproductive stage of the HPV16 life cycle. To determine if E5 plays a role in the productive stage of the viral life cycle, we cultured keratinocyte populations in organotypic raft cultures, which promote the differentiation and stratification of epithelial cells. We found that cells harboring E5 mutant genomes displayed a quantitative reduction in the percentage of suprabasal cells undergoing DNA synthesis, compared to cells containing WT HPV16 DNA. This reduction in DNA synthesis, however, did not prevent amplification of viral DNA in the differentiated cellular compartment. Likewise, late viral gene expression and the perturbation of normal keratinocyte differentiation were retained in cells harboring E5 mutant genomes. These data demonstrate that E5 plays a subtle role during the productive stage of the HPV16 life cycle.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, 1400 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706. Phone: (608) 262-8533. Fax: (608) 262-2824. E-mail: lambert{at}oncology.wisc.edu.

Journal of Virology, March 2003, p. 2832-2842, Vol. 77, No. 5
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.5.2832-2842.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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