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Journal of Virology, January 2003, p. 1131-1140, Vol. 77, No. 2
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.2.1131-1140.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Is Efficiently Packaged into Virions during Productive but Not Chronic Infection

Sandra Kao,1 Hirofumi Akari,1 Mohammad A. Khan,1 Markus Dettenhofer,2,{dagger} Xiao-Fang Yu,2 and Klaus Strebel1*

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Viral Biochemistry Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460,1 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 212052

Received 11 July 2002/ Accepted 18 October 2002

Packaging of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif protein into virus particles is mediated through an interaction with viral genomic RNA and results in the association of Vif with the nucleoprotein complex. Despite the specificity of this process, calculations of the amount of Vif packaged have produced vastly different results. Here, we compared the efficiency of packaging of Vif into virions derived from acutely and chronically infected H9 cells. We found that Vif was efficiently packaged into virions from acutely infected cells (60 to 100 copies per virion), while packaging into virions from chronically infected H9 cells was near the limit of detection (four to six copies of Vif per virion). Superinfection by an exogenous Vif-defective virus did not rescue packaging of endogenous Vif expressed in the chronically infected culture. In contrast, exogenous Vif expressed by superinfection of wild-type virus was readily packaged (30 to 40 copies per virion). Biochemical analyses suggest that the differences in the relative packaging efficiencies were not due to gross differences in the steady-state distribution of Vif in chronically or acutely infected cells but are likely due to differences in the relative rates of de novo synthesis of Vif. Despite its low packaging efficiency, endogenously expressed Vif was sufficient to direct the production of viruses with almost wild-type infectivity. The results from our study provide novel insights into the biochemical properties of Vif and offer an explanation for the reported differences regarding Vif packaging.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: NIH, NIAID, 4/312, 4 Center Dr., MSC 0460, Bethesda, MD 20892-0460. Phone: (301) 496-3132. Fax: (301) 402-0226. E-mail: kstrebel{at}nih.gov.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.

Journal of Virology, January 2003, p. 1131-1140, Vol. 77, No. 2
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.2.1131-1140.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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