This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Bosch, B. J.
Right arrow Articles by Rottier, P. J. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Bosch, B. J.
Right arrow Articles by Rottier, P. J. M.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Virology, August 2003, p. 8801-8811, Vol. 77, No. 16
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.16.8801-8811.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The Coronavirus Spike Protein Is a Class I Virus Fusion Protein: Structural and Functional Characterization of the Fusion Core Complex

Berend Jan Bosch,1 Ruurd van der Zee,2 Cornelis A. M. de Haan,1 and Peter J. M. Rottier1*

Virology Division,1 Immunology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands2

Received 10 January 2003/ Accepted 22 May 2003

Coronavirus entry is mediated by the viral spike (S) glycoprotein. The 180-kDa oligomeric S protein of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 is posttranslationally cleaved into an S1 receptor binding unit and an S2 membrane fusion unit. The latter is thought to contain an internal fusion peptide and has two 4,3 hydrophobic (heptad) repeat regions designated HR1 and HR2. HR2 is located close to the membrane anchor, and HR1 is some 170 amino acids (aa) upstream of it. Heptad repeat (HR) regions are found in fusion proteins of many different viruses and form an important characteristic of class I viral fusion proteins. We investigated the role of these regions in coronavirus membrane fusion. Peptides HR1 (96 aa) and HR2 (39 aa), corresponding to the HR1 and HR2 regions, were produced in Escherichia coli. When mixed together, the two peptides were found to assemble into an extremely stable oligomeric complex. Both on their own and within the complex, the peptides were highly alpha helical. Electron microscopic analysis of the complex revealed a rod-like structure ~14.5 nm in length. Limited proteolysis in combination with mass spectrometry indicated that HR1 and HR2 occur in the complex in an antiparallel fashion. In the native protein, such a conformation would bring the proposed fusion peptide, located in the N-terminal domain of HR1, and the transmembrane anchor into close proximity. Using biological assays, the HR2 peptide was shown to be a potent inhibitor of virus entry into the cell, as well as of cell-cell fusion. Both biochemical and functional data show that the coronavirus spike protein is a class I viral fusion protein.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands. Phone: 31-30-2532485. Fax: 31-30-2536723. E-mail: p.rottier{at}vet.uu.nl.

Journal of Virology, August 2003, p. 8801-8811, Vol. 77, No. 16
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.16.8801-8811.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Madu, I. G., Roth, S. L., Belouzard, S., Whittaker, G. R. (2009). Characterization of a Highly Conserved Domain within the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein S2 Domain with Characteristics of a Viral Fusion Peptide. J. Virol. 83: 7411-7421 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Barcena, M., Oostergetel, G. T., Bartelink, W., Faas, F. G. A., Verkleij, A., Rottier, P. J. M., Koster, A. J., Bosch, B. J. (2009). Cryo-electron tomography of mouse hepatitis virus: Insights into the structure of the coronavirion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 582-587 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Watanabe, R., Matsuyama, S., Shirato, K., Maejima, M., Fukushi, S., Morikawa, S., Taguchi, F. (2008). Entry from the Cell Surface of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus with Cleaved S Protein as Revealed by Pseudotype Virus Bearing Cleaved S Protein. J. Virol. 82: 11985-11991 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chan, C.-M., Woo, P. C. Y., Lau, S. K. P., Tse, H., Chen, H.-L., Li, F., Zheng, B.-J., Chen, L., Huang, J.-D., Yuen, K.-Y. (2008). Spike Protein, S, of Human Coronavirus HKU1: Role in Viral Life Cycle and Application in Antibody Detection. Exp. Biol. Med. 233: 1527-1536 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bosch, B. J., Bartelink, W., Rottier, P. J. M. (2008). Cathepsin L Functionally Cleaves the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Class I Fusion Protein Upstream of Rather than Adjacent to the Fusion Peptide. J. Virol. 82: 8887-8890 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • de Haan, C. A. M., Haijema, B. J., Schellen, P., Schreur, P. W., te Lintelo, E., Vennema, H., Rottier, P. J. M. (2008). Cleavage of Group 1 Coronavirus Spike Proteins: How Furin Cleavage Is Traded Off against Heparan Sulfate Binding upon Cell Culture Adaptation. J. Virol. 82: 6078-6083 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chu, D. K. W., Peiris, J. S. M., Chen, H., Guan, Y., Poon, L. L. M. (2008). Genomic characterizations of bat coronaviruses (1A, 1B and HKU8) and evidence for co-infections in Miniopterus bats. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 1282-1287 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Howard, M. W., Travanty, E. A., Jeffers, S. A., Smith, M. K., Wennier, S. T., Thackray, L. B., Holmes, K. V. (2008). Aromatic Amino Acids in the Juxtamembrane Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Are Important for Receptor-Dependent Virus Entry and Cell-Cell Fusion. J. Virol. 82: 2883-2894 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bosch, B. J., Rossen, J. W. A., Bartelink, W., Zuurveen, S. J., de Haan, C. A. M., Duquerroy, S., Boucher, C. A. B., Rottier, P. J. M. (2008). Coronavirus Escape from Heptad Repeat 2 (HR2)-Derived Peptide Entry Inhibition as a Result of Mutations in the HR1 Domain of the Spike Fusion Protein. J. Virol. 82: 2580-2585 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Long, G., Pan, X., Vlak, J. M. (2008). Conserved Leucines in N-Terminal Heptad Repeat HR1 of Envelope Fusion Protein F of Group II Nucleopolyhedroviruses Are Important for Correct Processing and Essential for Fusogenicity. J. Virol. 82: 2437-2447 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ren, W., Qu, X., Li, W., Han, Z., Yu, M., Zhou, P., Zhang, S.-Y., Wang, L.-F., Deng, H., Shi, Z. (2008). Difference in Receptor Usage between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus and SARS-Like Coronavirus of Bat Origin. J. Virol. 82: 1899-1907 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • McRoy, W. C., Baric, R. S. (2008). Amino Acid Substitutions in the S2 Subunit of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Variant V51 Encode Determinants of Host Range Expansion. J. Virol. 82: 1414-1424 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Du, L., Zhao, G., Lin, Y., Sui, H., Chan, C., Ma, S., He, Y., Jiang, S., Wu, C., Yuen, K.-Y., Jin, D.-Y., Zhou, Y., Zheng, B.-J. (2008). Intranasal Vaccination of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Encoding Receptor-Binding Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Spike Protein Induces Strong Mucosal Immune Responses and Provides Long-Term Protection against SARS-CoV Infection. J. Immunol. 180: 948-956 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ujike, M., Nishikawa, H., Otaka, A., Yamamoto, N., Yamamoto, N., Matsuoka, M., Kodama, E., Fujii, N., Taguchi, F. (2008). Heptad Repeat-Derived Peptides Block Protease-Mediated Direct Entry from the Cell Surface of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus but Not Entry via the Endosomal Pathway. J. Virol. 82: 588-592 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Oostra, M., te Lintelo, E. G., Deijs, M., Verheije, M. H., Rottier, P. J. M., de Haan, C. A. M. (2007). Localization and Membrane Topology of Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 4: Involvement of the Early Secretory Pathway in Replication. J. Virol. 81: 12323-12336 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Eifart, P., Ludwig, K., Bottcher, C., de Haan, C. A. M., Rottier, P. J. M., Korte, T., Herrmann, A. (2007). Role of Endocytosis and Low pH in Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain A59 Cell Entry. J. Virol. 81: 10758-10768 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • de Haan, C. A. M., te Lintelo, E., Li, Z., Raaben, M., Wurdinger, T., Bosch, B. J., Rottier, P. J. M. (2006). Cooperative Involvement of the S1 and S2 Subunits of the Murine Coronavirus Spike Protein in Receptor Binding and Extended Host Range. J. Virol. 80: 10909-10918 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Neuman, B. W., Adair, B. D., Yoshioka, C., Quispe, J. D., Orca, G., Kuhn, P., Milligan, R. A., Yeager, M., Buchmeier, M. J. (2006). Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy.. J. Virol. 80: 7918-7928 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Li, F., Berardi, M., Li, W., Farzan, M., Dormitzer, P. R., Harrison, S. C. (2006). Conformational States of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Ectodomain. J. Virol. 80: 6794-6800 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Yu, I-M., Oldham, M. L., Zhang, J., Chen, J. (2006). Crystal Structure of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Dimerization Domain Reveals Evolutionary Linkage between Corona- and Arteriviridae. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 17134-17139 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pyrc, K., Bosch, B. J., Berkhout, B., Jebbink, M. F., Dijkman, R., Rottier, P., van der Hoek, L. (2006). Inhibition of Human Coronavirus NL63 Infection at Early Stages of the Replication Cycle.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 2000-2008 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Qiu, Z., Hingley, S. T., Simmons, G., Yu, C., Das Sarma, J., Bates, P., Weiss, S. R. (2006). Endosomal Proteolysis by Cathepsins Is Necessary for Murine Coronavirus Mouse Hepatitis Virus Type 2 Spike-Mediated Entry.. J. Virol. 80: 5768-5776 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Li, W., Wong, S.-K., Li, F., Kuhn, J. H., Huang, I-C., Choe, H., Farzan, M. (2006). Animal Origins of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Insight from ACE2-S-Protein Interactions. J. Virol. 80: 4211-4219 [Full Text]  
  • Watanabe, R., Matsuyama, S., Taguchi, F. (2006). Receptor-independent infection of murine coronavirus: analysis by spinoculation.. J. Virol. 80: 4901-4908 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hakansson-McReynolds, S., Jiang, S., Rong, L., Caffrey, M. (2006). Solution Structure of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Heptad Repeat 2 Domain in the Prefusion State. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 11965-11971 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chu, V. C., McElroy, L. J., Chu, V., Bauman, B. E., Whittaker, G. R. (2006). The Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Undergoes Direct Low-pH-Dependent Fusion Activation during Entry into Host Cells.. J. Virol. 80: 3180-3188 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chan, W.-E., Chuang, C.-K., Yeh, S.-H., Chang, M.-S., Chen, S. S.-L. (2006). Functional characterization of heptad repeat 1 and 2 mutants of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.. J. Virol. 80: 3225-3237 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Verheije, M. H., Wurdinger, T., van Beusechem, V. W., de Haan, C. A. M., Gerritsen, W. R., Rottier, P. J. M. (2006). Redirecting Coronavirus to a Nonnative Receptor through a Virus-Encoded Targeting Adapter. J. Virol. 80: 1250-1260 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Thorp, E. B., Boscarino, J. A., Logan, H. L., Goletz, J. T., Gallagher, T. M. (2006). Palmitoylations on Murine Coronavirus Spike Proteins Are Essential for Virion Assembly and Infectivity. J. Virol. 80: 1280-1289 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Broer, R., Boson, B., Spaan, W., Cosset, F.-L., Corver, J. (2006). Important Role for the Transmembrane Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein during Entry. J. Virol. 80: 1302-1310 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lip, K.-M., Shen, S., Yang, X., Keng, C.-T., Zhang, A., Oh, H.-L. J., Li, Z.-H., Hwang, L.-A., Chou, C.-F., Fielding, B. C., Tan, T. H. P., Mayrhofer, J., Falkner, F. G., Fu, J., Lim, S. G., Hong, W., Tan, Y.-J. (2006). Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the HR2 Domain and the Region Immediately Upstream of the HR2 of the S Protein Neutralize In Vitro Infection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. J. Virol. 80: 941-950 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Amberg, S. M., Netter, R. C., Simmons, G., Bates, P. (2006). Expanded Tropism and Altered Activation of a Retroviral Glycoprotein Resistant to an Entry Inhibitor Peptide. J. Virol. 80: 353-359 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lissenberg, A., Vrolijk, M. M., van Vliet, A. L. W., Langereis, M. A., de Groot-Mijnes, J. D. F., Rottier, P. J. M., de Groot, R. J. (2005). Luxury at a Cost? Recombinant Mouse Hepatitis Viruses Expressing the Accessory Hemagglutinin Esterase Protein Display Reduced Fitness In Vitro. J. Virol. 79: 15054-15063 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kazi, L., Lissenberg, A., Watson, R., de Groot, R. J., Weiss, S. R. (2005). Expression of Hemagglutinin Esterase Protein from Recombinant Mouse Hepatitis Virus Enhances Neurovirulence. J. Virol. 79: 15064-15073 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wurdinger, T., Verheije, M. H., Broen, K., Bosch, B. J., Haijema, B. J., de Haan, C. A. M., van Beusechem, V. W., Gerritsen, W. R., Rottier, P. J. M. (2005). Soluble Receptor-Mediated Targeting of Mouse Hepatitis Coronavirus to the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. J. Virol. 79: 15314-15322 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Weiss, S. R., Navas-Martin, S. (2005). Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69: 635-664 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rottier, P. J. M., Nakamura, K., Schellen, P., Volders, H., Haijema, B. J. (2005). Acquisition of Macrophage Tropism during the Pathogenesis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Is Determined by Mutations in the Feline Coronavirus Spike Protein. J. Virol. 79: 14122-14130 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • de Haan, C. A. M., Li, Z., te Lintelo, E., Bosch, B. J., Haijema, B. J., Rottier, P. J. M. (2005). Murine Coronavirus with an Extended Host Range Uses Heparan Sulfate as an Entry Receptor. J. Virol. 79: 14451-14456 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Qu, X.-X., Hao, P., Song, X.-J., Jiang, S.-M., Liu, Y.-X., Wang, P.-G., Rao, X., Song, H.-D., Wang, S.-Y., Zuo, Y., Zheng, A.-H., Luo, M., Wang, H.-L., Deng, F., Wang, H.-Z., Hu, Z.-H., Ding, M.-X., Zhao, G.-P., Deng, H.-K. (2005). Identification of Two Critical Amino Acid Residues of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein for Its Variation in Zoonotic Tropism Transition via a Double Substitution Strategy. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 29588-29595 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Navas-Martin, S., Hingley, S. T., Weiss, S. R. (2005). Murine Coronavirus Evolution In Vivo: Functional Compensation of a Detrimental Amino Acid Substitution in the Receptor Binding Domain of the Spike Glycoprotein. J. Virol. 79: 7629-7640 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sainz, B. Jr., Rausch, J. M., Gallaher, W. R., Garry, R. F., Wimley, W. C. (2005). Identification and Characterization of the Putative Fusion Peptide of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Spike Protein. J. Virol. 79: 7195-7206 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hofmann, H., Pyrc, K., van der Hoek, L., Geier, M., Berkhout, B., Pohlmann, S. (2005). Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 7988-7993 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nal, B., Chan, C., Kien, F., Siu, L., Tse, J., Chu, K., Kam, J., Staropoli, I., Crescenzo-Chaigne, B., Escriou, N., van der Werf, S., Yuen, K.-Y., Altmeyer, R. (2005). Differential maturation and subcellular localization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus surface proteins S, M and E. J. Gen. Virol. 86: 1423-1434 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • He, Y., Lu, H., Siddiqui, P., Zhou, Y., Jiang, S. (2005). Receptor-Binding Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Contains Multiple Conformation-Dependent Epitopes that Induce Highly Potent Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Immunol. 174: 4908-4915 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Keng, C.-T., Zhang, A., Shen, S., Lip, K.-M., Fielding, B. C., Tan, T. H. P., Chou, C.-F., Loh, C. B., Wang, S., Fu, J., Yang, X., Lim, S. G., Hong, W., Tan, Y.-J. (2005). Amino Acids 1055 to 1192 in the S2 Region of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S Protein Induce Neutralizing Antibodies: Implications for the Development of Vaccines and Antiviral Agents. J. Virol. 79: 3289-3296 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Poon, L. L. M., Chu, D. K. W., Chan, K. H., Wong, O. K., Ellis, T. M., Leung, Y. H. C., Lau, S. K. P., Woo, P. C. Y., Suen, K. Y., Yuen, K. Y., Guan, Y., Peiris, J. S. M. (2005). Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Bats. J. Virol. 79: 2001-2009 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vijgen, L., Keyaerts, E., Moes, E., Thoelen, I., Wollants, E., Lemey, P., Vandamme, A.-M., Van Ranst, M. (2005). Complete Genomic Sequence of Human Coronavirus OC43: Molecular Clock Analysis Suggests a Relatively Recent Zoonotic Coronavirus Transmission Event. J. Virol. 79: 1595-1604 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guillen, J., Perez-Berna, A. J., Moreno, M. R., Villalain, J. (2005). Identification of the Membrane-Active Regions of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Membrane Glycoprotein Using a 16/18-Mer Peptide Scan: Implications for the Viral Fusion Mechanism. J. Virol. 79: 1743-1752 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, S., Chou, T.-h. W., Sakhatskyy, P. V., Huang, S., Lawrence, J. M., Cao, H., Huang, X., Lu, S. (2005). Identification of Two Neutralizing Regions on the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Produced from the Mammalian Expression System. J. Virol. 79: 1906-1910 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Supekar, V. M., Bruckmann, C., Ingallinella, P., Bianchi, E., Pessi, A., Carfi, A. (2004). Structure of a proteolytically resistant core from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S2 fusion protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 17958-17963 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Netter, R. C., Amberg, S. M., Balliet, J. W., Biscone, M. J., Vermeulen, A., Earp, L. J., White, J. M., Bates, P. (2004). Heptad Repeat 2-Based Peptides Inhibit Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Virus Subgroup A Infection and Identify a Fusion Intermediate. J. Virol. 78: 13430-13439 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Xu, Y., Lou, Z., Liu, Y., Pang, H., Tien, P., Gao, G. F., Rao, Z. (2004). Crystal Structure of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Fusion Core. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 49414-49419 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Song, H. C., Seo, M.-Y., Stadler, K., Yoo, B. J., Choo, Q.-L., Coates, S. R., Uematsu, Y., Harada, T., Greer, C. E., Polo, J. M., Pileri, P., Eickmann, M., Rappuoli, R., Abrignani, S., Houghton, M., Han, J. H. (2004). Synthesis and Characterization of a Native, Oligomeric Form of Recombinant Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein. J. Virol. 78: 10328-10335 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ye, R., Montalto-Morrison, C., Masters, P. S. (2004). Genetic Analysis of Determinants for Spike Glycoprotein Assembly into Murine Coronavirus Virions: Distinct Roles for Charge-Rich and Cysteine-Rich Regions of the Endodomain. J. Virol. 78: 9904-9917 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Schickli, J. H., Thackray, L. B., Sawicki, S. G., Holmes, K. V. (2004). The N-Terminal Region of the Murine Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Is Associated with the Extended Host Range of Viruses from Persistently Infected Murine Cells. J. Virol. 78: 9073-9083 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • St-Jean, J. R., Jacomy, H., Desforges, M., Vabret, A., Freymuth, F., Talbot, P. J. (2004). Human Respiratory Coronavirus OC43: Genetic Stability and Neuroinvasion. J. Virol. 78: 8824-8834 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Matsuyama, S., Delos, S. E., White, J. M. (2004). Sequential Roles of Receptor Binding and Low pH in Forming Prehairpin and Hairpin Conformations of a Retroviral Envelope Glycoprotein. J. Virol. 78: 8201-8209 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Lou, Z., Qin, L., Li, X., Bai, Z., Pang, H., Tien, P., Gao, G. F., Rao, Z. (2004). Structural Basis for Coronavirus-mediated Membrane Fusion: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS SPIKE PROTEIN FUSION CORE. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 30514-30522 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bosch, B. J., de Haan, C. A. M., Rottier, P. J. M. (2004). Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein, Extended at the Carboxy Terminus with Green Fluorescent Protein, Is Assembly Competent. J. Virol. 78: 7369-7378 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhang, H., Wang, G., Li, J., Nie, Y., Shi, X., Lian, G., Wang, W., Yin, X., Zhao, Y., Qu, X., Ding, M., Deng, H. (2004). Identification of an Antigenic Determinant on the S2 Domain of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Capable of Inducing Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol. 78: 6938-6945 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hofmann, H., Hattermann, K., Marzi, A., Gramberg, T., Geier, M., Krumbiegel, M., Kuate, S., Uberla, K., Niedrig, M., Pohlmann, S. (2004). S Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus Mediates Entry into Hepatoma Cell Lines and Is Targeted by Neutralizing Antibodies in Infected Patients. J. Virol. 78: 6134-6142 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ingallinella, P., Bianchi, E., Finotto, M., Cantoni, G., Eckert, D. M., Supekar, V. M., Bruckmann, C., Carfi, A., Pessi, A. (2004). Structural characterization of the fusion-active complex of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 8709-8714 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • de Haan, C. A. M., Stadler, K., Godeke, G.-J., Bosch, B. J., Rottier, P. J. M. (2004). Cleavage Inhibition of the Murine Coronavirus Spike Protein by a Furin-Like Enzyme Affects Cell-Cell but Not Virus-Cell Fusion. J. Virol. 78: 6048-6054 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bosch, B. J., Martina, B. E. E., van der Zee, R., Lepault, J., Haijema, B. J., Versluis, C., Heck, A. J. R., de Groot, R., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Rottier, P. J. M. (2004). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeat-derived peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 8455-8460 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Choy, W.-Y., Lin, S.-G., Chan, P. K.-S., Tam, J. S.-L., Lo, Y.M. D., Chu, I. M.-T., Tsai, S.-N., Zhong, M.-Q., Fung, K.-P., Waye, M. M.-Y., Tsui, S. K.-W., Ng, K.-O., Shan, Z.-X., Yang, M., Wu, Y.-L., Lin, Z.-Y., Ngai, S.-M. (2004). Synthetic Peptide Studies on the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein: Perspective for SARS Vaccine Development. Clin. Chem. 50: 1036-1042 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tripet, B., Howard, M. W., Jobling, M., Holmes, R. K., Holmes, K. V., Hodges, R. S. (2004). Structural Characterization of the SARS-Coronavirus Spike S Fusion Protein Core. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 20836-20849 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Thorp, E. B., Gallagher, T. M. (2004). Requirements for CEACAMs and Cholesterol during Murine Coronavirus Cell Entry. J. Virol. 78: 2682-2692 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»