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Journal of Virology, August 2003, p. 8607-8620, Vol. 77, No. 16
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.16.8607-8620.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Potent, Persistent Induction and Modulation of Cellular Immune Responses in Rhesus Macaques Primed with Ad5hr-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) env/rev, gag, and/or nef Vaccines and Boosted with SIV gp120

L. Jean Patterson,¹ Nina Malkevitch,¹ Joel Pinczewski,¹ David Venzon,² Yuanmei Lou,^1, Bo Peng,¹ Cindy Munch,¹ Melissa Leonard,¹ Ersell Richardson,¹ Kristine Aldrich,¹ V. S. Kalyanaraman,³ George N. Pavlakis,⁴ and Marjorie Robert-Guroff^1*

Basic Research Laboratory,¹ Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,² National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702,⁴ Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, Maryland 20895³

Received 24 January 2003/ Accepted 21 May 2003

Immunity elicited by multicomponent vaccines delivered by replication-competent Ad5hr-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) recombinants was systematically investigated. Rhesus macaques were immunized mucosally at weeks 0 and 12 with Ad5hr-SIV_smH4 env/rev, with or without Ad5hr-SIV_mac239 gag or Ad5hr-SIV_mac239 nef, or with all three recombinants. The total Ad5hr dosage was comparably adjusted among all animals with empty Ad5hr-E3 vector. The macaques were boosted with SIV gp120 in monophosphoryl A-stable emulsion adjuvant at 24 and 36 weeks. Controls received Ad5hr-E3 vector or adjuvant only. By ELISPOT analysis, all four SIV gene products elicited potent cellular immune responses that persisted 42 weeks post-initial immunization. Unexpectedly, modulation of this cellular immune response was observed among macaques receiving one, two, or three Ad5hr-SIV recombinants. Env responses were significantly enhanced throughout the immunization period in macaques immunized with Ad5hr-SIV env/rev plus Ad5hr-SIV gag and tended to be higher in macaques that also received Ad5hr-SIV nef. Macaques primed with all three recombinants displayed significant down-modulation in numbers of gamma interferon (IFN-)-secreting cells specific for SIV Nef, and the Env- and Gag-specific responses were also diminished. Modulation of antibody responses was not observed. Down-modulation was seen only during the period of Ad5hr-recombinant priming, not during subunit boosting, although SIV-specific IFN--secreting cells persisted. The effect was not attributable to Ad5hr replication differences among immunization groups. Vaccine delivery via replication-competent live vectors, which can persistently infect new cells and continuously present low-level antigen, may be advantageous in overcoming competition among complex immunogens for immune recognition. Effects of current multicomponent vaccines on individual immune responses should be evaluated with regard to future vaccine design.

Present address: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1X7 Canada.

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