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Journal of Virology, January 2003, p. 318-327, Vol. 77, No. 1
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.1.318-327.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of a Nelfinavir (NFV)-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 That Exhibits NFV-Dependent Enhancement of Replication

Saori Matsuoka-Aizawa,1 Hironori Sato,2,3 Atsuko Hachiya,1 Kiyoto Tsuchiya,1 Yutaka Takebe,2 Hiroyuki Gatanaga,1 Satoshi Kimura,1 and Shinichi Oka1*

AIDS Clinical Center, International Medical Center of Japan,1 AIDS Research Center,2 Division of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan3

Received 24 May 2002/ Accepted 30 September 2002

During the use of a phenotypic anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance assay in a large set of clinical virus isolates, we found a unique variant (CL-4) that exhibited a high level of nelfinavir (NFV) resistance and rather enhanced replication under subinhibitory concentrations of NFV (0.001 to 0.1 µM). Comparison of gag-pol sequences of the CL-4 variant and its predecessor virus isolates showed a stepwise accumulation of a total of 19 amino acid substitutions in protease (PR) and Gag p17 during 32-month NFV-containing antiretroviral therapy, while other Gag regions including the cleavage sites of the p55 precursor remained highly conserved. To understand the relationship between the genetic and phenotypic changes in CL-4, we constructed chimeric viruses using pNL4-3, replacing the PR, p24PR, or p17PR gene segment of CL-4 or its predecessor. A series of tissue culture infections with the chimeras in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of NFV demonstrated that only the p17PR segment of CL-4 could confer the NFV-dependent replication enhancement phenotype on NL4-3. Our data suggest a novel adaptation mechanism of HIV-1 to NFV, in which coevolution of Gag and PR genes generates a variant that replicates more efficiently in the cellular environment in the presence of NFV than without the drug.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: AIDS Clinical Center, International Medical Center of Japan, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan. Phone and fax: 81-3-5273-5193. E-mail: oka{at}imcj.hosp.go.jp.

Journal of Virology, January 2003, p. 318-327, Vol. 77, No. 1
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.1.318-327.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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