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Journal of Virology, January 2003, p. 179-190, Vol. 77, No. 1
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.1.179-190.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Immunization of Newborn Rhesus Macaques with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Vaccines Prolongs Survival after Oral Challenge with Virulent SIVmac251

Koen K. A. Van Rompay,1 Jennifer L. Greenier,1 Kelly Stefano Cole,2 Patricia Earl,3 Bernard Moss,3 Jonathan D. Steckbeck,2 Bapi Pahar,1 Tracy Rourke,1 Ronald C. Montelaro,2 Don R. Canfield,1 Ross P. Tarara,1 Christopher Miller,1,4 Michael B. McChesney,1 and Marta L. Marthas1,4*

California National Primate Research Center,1 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California,4 Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,3 Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania2

Received 22 July 2002/ Accepted 30 September 2002

There is an urgent need for active immunization strategies that, if administered shortly after birth, could protect infants in developing countries from acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection through breast-feeding. Better knowledge of the immunogenic properties of vaccine candidates in infants and of the effect of maternal antibodies on vaccine efficacy will aid in the development of such a neonatal HIV vaccine. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of infant macaques is a useful animal model of pediatric HIV infection with which to address these questions. Groups of infant macaques were immunized at birth and 3 weeks of age with either modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing SIV Gag, Pol, and Env (MVA-SIVgpe) or live-attenuated SIVmac1A11. One MVA-SIVgpe-immunized group had maternally derived anti-SIV antibodies prior to immunization. Animals were challenged orally at 4 weeks of age with a genetically heterogeneous stock of virulent SIVmac251. Although all animals became infected, the immunized animals mounted better antiviral antibody responses, controlled virus levels more effectively, and had a longer disease-free survival than the unvaccinated infected monkeys. Maternal antibodies did not significantly reduce the efficacy of the MVA-SIVgpe vaccine. In conclusion, although the tested vaccines delayed the onset of AIDS, further studies are warranted to determine whether a vaccine that elicits stronger early immune responses at the time of virus exposure may be able to prevent viral infection or AIDS in infants.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616. Phone: (530) 752-0447. Fax: (530) 752-2880. E-mail: mlmarthas{at}ucdavis.edu.

Journal of Virology, January 2003, p. 179-190, Vol. 77, No. 1
0022-538X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.1.179-190.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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