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Journal of Virology, May 2002, p. 4162-4171, Vol. 76, No. 9
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.9.4162-4171.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection Initiates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and an Unfolded Protein Response

Hong-Lin Su,1 Ching-Len Liao,1,2 and Yi-Ling Lin1,3*

Graduate Institute of Life Sciences,1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center,2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China3

Received 6 August 2001/ Accepted 25 January 2002

The malfunctioning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells in hosts ranging from yeast to mammals can trigger an unfolded protein response (UPR). Such malfunctioning can result from a variety of ER stresses, including the inhibition of protein glycosylation and calcium imbalance. To cope with ER stresses, cells may rely on the UPR to send a signal(s) from the ER to the nucleus to stimulate appropriate cellular responses, including induction of chaperone expression. During Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, the lumen of the ER rapidly accumulates substantial amounts of viral proteins for virus progeny production. In the present study, we demonstrate that as evidenced by certain chaperone inductions, JEV infection triggers the UPR in fibroblast BHK-21 cells and in neuronal N18 and NT-2 cells, in which JEV results in apoptotic cell death. By contrast, no UPR was observed in apoptosis-resistant K562 cells infected by JEV. JEV infection also activates expression of CHOP/GADD153, a distinctive transcription factor often induced by the UPR, and appears to trigger activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, a posttranslational activator of CHOP. Ectopic enforcement of CHOP expression enhanced JEV-induced apoptosis, whereas treatment with a p38-specific inhibitor, SB203580, partially blocked JEV-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, bcl-2 overexpression and treatment with a pancaspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, inhibited CHOP induction and diminished JEV-induced apoptosis, suggesting that Bcl-2 and caspases could be the upstream regulators of CHOP. Our results thus suggest that virus-induced ER stress may participate, via p38-dependent and CHOP-mediated pathways, in the apoptotic process triggered by JEV infection.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Yen-Jiou-Yuan Rd., Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China. Phone: 886-2-2652-3902. Fax: 886-2-2785-8847. E-mail: yll{at}ibms.sinica.edu.tw.

Journal of Virology, May 2002, p. 4162-4171, Vol. 76, No. 9
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.9.4162-4171.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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