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Journal of Virology, February 2002, p. 1884-1891, Vol. 76, No. 4
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.4.1884-1891.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The VP1 N-Terminal Sequence of Canine Parvovirus Affects Nuclear Transport of Capsids and Efficient Cell Infection

Maija Vihinen-Ranta,{dagger}, Dai Wang,,{ddagger} Wendy S. Weichert, and Colin R. Parrish*

James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853

Received 8 August 2001/ Accepted 6 November 2001

The unique N-terminal region of the parvovirus VP1 capsid protein is required for infectivity by the capsids but is not required for capsid assembly. The VP1 N terminus contains a number of groups of basic amino acids which resemble classical nuclear localization sequences, including a conserved sequence near the N terminus comprised of four basic amino acids, which in a peptide can act to transport other proteins into the cell nucleus. Testing with a monoclonal antibody recognizing residues 2 to 13 of VP1 (anti-VP1-2-13) and with a rabbit polyclonal serum against the entire VP1 unique region showed that the VP1 unique region was not exposed on purified capsids but that it became exposed after treatment of the capsids with heat (55 to 75°C), or urea (3 to 5 M). A high concentration of anti-VP1-2-13 neutralized canine parvovirus (CPV) when it was incubated with the virus prior to inoculation of cells. Both antibodies blocked infection when injected into cells prior to virus inoculation, but neither prevented infection by coinjected infectious plasmid DNA. The VP1 unique region could be detected 4 and 8 h after the virus capsids were injected into cells, and that sequence exposure appeared to be correlated with nuclear transport of the capsids. To examine the role of the VP1 N terminus in infection, we altered that sequence in CPV, and some of those changes made the capsids inefficient at cell infection.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Phone: (607) 256-5649. Fax: (607) 256-5608. E-mail: crp3{at}cornell.edu.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland.

{ddagger} Present address: Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544.

{ddagger} Present address: Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544.

Journal of Virology, February 2002, p. 1884-1891, Vol. 76, No. 4
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.4.1884-1891.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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