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Journal of Virology, February 2002, p. 1856-1865, Vol. 76, No. 4
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.4.1856-1865.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Internalization of Echovirus 1 in Caveolae

Varpu Marjomäki,1* Vilja Pietiäinen,2 Heli Matilainen,1 Paula Upla,1 Johanna Ivaska,3 Liisa Nissinen,3 Hilkka Reunanen,1 Pasi Huttunen,2,3 Timo Hyypiä,2 and Jyrki Heino1,3

Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä,1 Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki,,2 MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland3

Received 2 July 2001/ Accepted 6 November 2001

Echovirus 1 (EV1) is a human pathogen which belongs to the Picornaviridae family of RNA viruses. We have analyzed the early events of infection after EV1 binding to its receptor {alpha}2ß1 integrin and elucidated the route by which EV1 gains access to the host cell. EV1 binding onto the cell surface and subsequent entry resulted in conformational changes of the viral capsid as demonstrated by sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis. After 15 min to 2 h postinfection (p.i.) EV1 capsid proteins were seen in vesicular structures that were negative for markers of the clathrin-dependent endocytic pathway. In contrast, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed that EV1, {alpha}2ß1 integrin, and caveolin-1 were internalized together in vesicular structures to the perinuclear area. Electron microscopy showed the presence of EV1 particles inside caveolae. Furthermore, infective EV1 could be isolated with anti-caveolin-1 beads 15 min p.i., confirming a close association with caveolin-1. Finally, the expression of dominant negative caveolin in cells markedly inhibited EV1 infection, indicating the importance of caveolae for the viral replication cycle of EV1.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland. Phone: 358-14-2602273. Fax: 358-14-2602221. E-mail: vmarjoma{at}cc.jyu.fi.

Journal of Virology, February 2002, p. 1856-1865, Vol. 76, No. 4
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.4.1856-1865.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.