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Journal of Virology, December 2002, p. 12611-12621, Vol. 76, No. 24
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.24.12611-12621.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Selectively Reduced tat mRNA Heralds the Decline in Productive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

Secondo Sonza,1* Helen P. Mutimer,1 Kate O'Brien,1 Philip Ellery,1 Jane L. Howard,2 Jonathan H. Axelrod,3 Nicholas J. Deacon,4 Suzanne M. Crowe,1 and Damian F. J. Purcell2

AIDS Pathogenesis Research Unit,1 AIDS Molecular Biology Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3004,4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia,2 Goldyne Savad Institute for Gene Therapy, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel3

Received 20 May 2002/ Accepted 13 September 2002

The transcription and splicing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mRNA in primary blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were compared to determine whether any differences might account for the slower noncytopathic infection of cells of the macrophage lineage. The expression of regulatory mRNAs during acute infection of MDM was delayed by about 12 h compared to that of PBL. In each cell type, an increase in spliced viral mRNAs slightly preceded virus production from the culture. Following the peak of productive infection, there was a proportional decrease in the expression of all regulatory mRNAs detected in PBL. In MDM, a dramatic additional decrease specifically in the tat mRNA species heralded a reduction in virus production. This decline in tat mRNA was reflected by a concomitant decrease in Tat activity in the cells and occurred with the same kinetics irrespective of the age of the cells when infected. Addition of exogenous Tat protein elicited a burst of virus production from persistently infected MDM, suggesting that the decrease in virus production from the cultures is a consequence of the reduction in tat mRNA levels. Our results show that modulation of HIV-1 mRNAs in macrophages during long-term infection, which is dependent on the period of infection rather than cell differentiation or maturation, results in a selective reduction of Tat protein levels at the commencement of a persistent, less productive phase of infection. Determination of the mechanism of this mRNA modulation may lead to novel targets for control of replication in these important viral reservoirs.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, G.P.O. Box 2284, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia. Phone: 61 3 9282 2173. Fax: 61 3 9282 2142. E-mail: sonza{at}burnet.edu.au.

Journal of Virology, December 2002, p. 12611-12621, Vol. 76, No. 24
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.24.12611-12621.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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