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Journal of Virology, November 2002, p. 10724-10733, Vol. 76, No. 21
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.21.10724-10733.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Hantavirus Infection of Dendritic Cells

Martin J. Raftery,1 Annette A. Kraus,1,2 Rainer Ulrich,1 Detlev H. Krüger,1 and Günther Schönrich1*

Institute of Virology,1 Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Charité Medical School, Humboldt University Berlin, D-10098 Berlin, Germany2

Received 15 March 2002/ Accepted 23 July 2002

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role as antigen-presenting cells in the antiviral immune response. Here we show that Hantaan virus (HTNV), which belongs to the Bunyaviridae family (genus Hantavirus) and causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, productively infects human DCs in vitro. In the course of HTNV infection, DCs did not show any cytopathic effect and viral replication did not induce cell lysis or apoptosis. Furthermore, HTNV did not affect apoptosis-inducing signals that are important for the homeostatic control of mature DCs. In contrast to immunosuppressive viruses, e.g., human cytomegalovirus, HTNV activated immature DCs, resulting in upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), costimulatory, and adhesion molecules. Intriguingly, strong upregulation of MHC class I molecules and an increased intercellular cell adhesion molecule type 1 expression was also detected on HTNV-infected endothelial cells. In addition, antigen uptake by HTNV-infected DCs was reduced, another characteristic feature of DC maturation. Consistent with these findings, we observed that HTNV-infected DCs stimulated T cells as efficiently as did mature DCs. Finally, infection of DCs with HTNV induced the release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and alpha interferon. Taken together, our findings indicate that hantavirus-infected DCs may significantly contribute to hantavirus-associated pathogenesis.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Humboldt University Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. Phone: 49-30-450-525071. Fax: 49-30-450-525907. E-mail: guenther.schoenrich{at}charite.de.

Journal of Virology, November 2002, p. 10724-10733, Vol. 76, No. 21
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.21.10724-10733.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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