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Journal of Virology, September 2002, p. 8776-8786, Vol. 76, No. 17
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.17.8776-8786.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Direct and Quantitative Single-Cell Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reactivation from Latency

Olaf Kutsch,1 Etty N. Benveniste,1 George M. Shaw,2,3 and David N. Levy2*

Departments of Cell Biology,1 Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham,2 The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Birmingham, Alabama3

Received 21 December 2001/ Accepted 21 May 2002

The ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to establish latent infections in cells has received renewed attention owing to the failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy to eradicate HIV-1 in vivo. Despite much study, the molecular bases of HIV-1 latency and reactivation are incompletely understood. Research on HIV-1 latency would benefit from a model system that is amenable to rapid and efficient analysis and through which compounds capable of regulating HIV-1 reactivation may be conveniently screened. We describe a novel reporter system that has several advantages over existing in vitro systems, which require elaborate, expensive, and time-consuming techniques to measure virus production. Two HIV-1 molecular clones (NL4-3 and 89.6) were engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the viral long terminal repeat without removing any viral sequences. By using these replication-competent viruses, latently infected T-cell (Jurkat) and monocyte/macrophage (THP-1) lines in which EGFP fluorescence and virus expression are tightly coupled were generated. Following reactivation with agents such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, virus expression and EGFP fluorescence peaked after 4 days and over the next 3 weeks each declined in a synchronized manner, recapitulating the establishment of latency. Using fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, or plate-based fluorometry, this system allows immediate, direct, and quantitative real-time analysis of these processes within single cells or in bulk populations of cells. Exploiting the single-cell analysis abilities of this system, we demonstrate that cellular activation and virus reactivation following stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines can be uncoupled.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of Alabama at Birmingham, 848 Kaul Bldg., 720 S. 20th St., Birmingham, AL 35294-0024. Phone: (205) 934-0169. Fax: (205) 934-1580. E-mail: levy{at}uab.edu.

Journal of Virology, September 2002, p. 8776-8786, Vol. 76, No. 17
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.17.8776-8786.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.