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Journal of Virology, August 2002, p. 7398-7406, Vol. 76, No. 15
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.15.7398-7406.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag at Positions L449 and P453 Are Linked to I50V Protease Mutants In Vivo and Cause Reduction of Sensitivity to Amprenavir and Improved Viral Fitness In Vitro

Michael F. Maguire,1 Rosario Guinea,1 Philip Griffin,1 Sarah Macmanus,1 Robert C. Elston,1 Josie Wolfram,2 Naomi Richards,2 Mary H. Hanlon,3 David J. T. Porter,3 Terri Wrin,4 Neil Parkin,4 Margaret Tisdale,1 Eric Furfine,3 Chris Petropoulos,4 B. Wendy Snowden,1 and Jörg-Peter Kleim1*

Department of Clinical Virology, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage SG1 2NY,1 Department of Medical Data Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford UB6 ONN, United Kingdom,2 Department of Biochemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709,3 ViroLogic Inc., South San Francisco, California 940804

Received 16 January 2002/ Accepted 23 April 2002

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protease cleavage sites (CS) undergo sequence changes during the development of resistance to several protease inhibitors (PIs). We have analyzed the association of sequence variation at the p7/p1 and p1/p6 CS in conjunction with amprenavir (APV)-specific protease mutations following PI combination therapy with APV. Querying a central resistance data repository resulted in the detection of significant associations (P < 0.001) between the presence of APV protease signature mutations and Gag L449F (p1/p6 LP1'F) and P453L (p1/p6 PP5'L) CS changes. In population-based sequence analyses the I50V mutant was invariably linked to either L449F or P453L. Clonal analysis revealed that both CS mutations were never present in the same genome. Sequential plasma samples from one patient revealed a transition from I50V M46L P453L viruses at early time points to I50V M46I L449F viruses in later samples. Various combinations of the protease and Gag mutations were introduced into the HXB2 laboratory strain of HIV-1. In both single- and multiple-cycle assay systems and in the context of I50V, the L449F and P453L changes consistently increased the 50% inhibitory concentration of APV, while the CS changes alone had no measurable effect on inhibitor sensitivity. The decreased in vitro fitness of the I50V mutant was only partially improved by addition of either CS change (I50V M46I L449F mutant replicative capacity {approx} 16% of that of wild-type virus). Western blot analysis of Pr55 Gag precursor cleavage products from infected-cell cultures indicated accumulation of uncleaved Gag p1-p6 in all I50V viruses without coexisting CS changes. Purified I50V protease catalyzed cleavage of decapeptides incorporating the L449F or P453L change 10-fold and 22-fold more efficiently than cleavage of the wild-type substrate, respectively. HIV-1 protease CS changes are selected during PI therapy and can have effects on both viral fitness and phenotypic resistance to PIs.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Virology, Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom. Phone: (44)1438-768162. Fax: (44)1438-764263. E-mail: jpk49970{at}gsk.com.

Journal of Virology, August 2002, p. 7398-7406, Vol. 76, No. 15
0022-538X/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.15.7398-7406.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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