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Journal of Virology, January 2002, p. 118-126, Vol. 76, No. 1
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.1.118-126.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Characterization of H5N1 Influenza Viruses That Continue To Circulate in Geese in Southeastern China

Robert G. Webster,1,2,3* Yi Guan,3 Malik Peiris,3 David Walker,1 Scott Krauss,1 Nan Nan Zhou,1 Elena A. Govorkova,1 Trevor M. Ellis,4 K. C. Dyrting,4 Thomas Sit,5 Daniel R. Perez,1 and Kennedy F. Shortridge3

Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,1 Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38105,2 Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong,3 Castle Peak Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation,4 Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China5

Received 14 May 2001/ Accepted 24 September 2001

The H5N1 influenza virus, which killed humans and poultry in 1997, was a reassortant that possibly arose in one type of domestic poultry present in the live-poultry markets of Hong Kong. Given that all the precursors of H5N1/97 are still circulating in poultry in southern China, the reassortment event that generated H5N1 could be repeated. Because A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (H5N1; Go/Gd) viruses are the proposed donors of the hemagglutinin gene of the H5N1 virus, we investigated the continued circulation, host range, and transmissibility of Go/Gd-like viruses in poultry. The Go/Gd-like viruses caused weight loss and death in some mice inoculated with high virus doses. Transmission of Go/Gd-like H5N1 viruses to geese by contact with infected geese resulted in infection of all birds but limited signs of overt disease. In contrast, oral inoculation with high doses of Go/Gd-like viruses resulted in the deaths of up to 50% of infected geese. Transmission from infected geese to chickens occurred only by fecal contact, whereas transmission to quail occurred by either aerosol or fecal spread. This difference is probably explained by the higher susceptibility of quail to Go/Gd-like virus. The high degree of susceptibility of quail to Go/Gd (H5N1)-like viruses and the continued circulation of H6N1 and H9N2 viruses in quail support the hypothesis that quail were the host of origin of the H5N1/97 virus. The ease of transmission of Go/Gd (H5N1)-like viruses to land-based birds, especially quail, supports the wisdom of separating aquatic and land-based poultry in the markets in Hong Kong and the need for continued surveillance in the field and live-bird markets in which different types of poultry are in contact with one another.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, TN 38105. Phone: (901) 495-3400. Fax: (901) 523-2622. E-mail: robert.webster@stjude.org.

Journal of Virology, January 2002, p. 118-126, Vol. 76, No. 1
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JVI.76.1.118-126.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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