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Journal of Virology, May 2001, p. 4129-4138, Vol. 75, No. 9
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.9.4129-4138.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Sequences in the Cytoplasmic Tail of the Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Envelope Protein That Prevent Its Incorporation into Lentivirus Vectors

Ilias Christodoulopoulos and Paula M. Cannon*

Gene Therapy Laboratories, Norris Cancer Center, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033

Received 18 August 2000/Accepted 1 February 2001

Pseudotyping retrovirus and lentivirus vectors with different viral fusion proteins is a useful strategy to alter the host range of the vectors. Although lentivirus vectors are efficiently pseudotyped by Env proteins from several different subtypes of murine leukemia virus (MuLV), the related protein from gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV) does not form functional pseudotypes. We have determined that this arises because of an inability of GaLV Env to be incorporated into lentivirus vector particles. By exploiting the homology between the GaLV and MuLV Env proteins, we have mapped the determinants of incompatibility in the GaLV Env. Three modifications that allowed GaLV Env to pseudotype human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles were identified: removal of the R peptide (C-terminal half of the cytoplasmic domain), replacement of the whole cytoplasmic tail with the corresponding MuLV region, and mutation of two residues upstream of the R peptide cleavage site. In addition, we have previously proposed that removal of the R peptide from MuLV Env proteins enhances their fusogenicity by transmitting a conformational change to the ectodomain of the protein (Y. Zhao et al., J. Virol. 72:5392-5398, 1998). Our analysis of chimeric MuLV/GaLV Env proteins provides further evidence in support of this model and suggests that proper Env function involves both interactions within the cytoplasmic tail and more long-range interactions between the cytoplasmic tail, the membrane-spanning region, and the ectodomain of the protein.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Norris Cancer Center, Room 6338, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033. Phone: (323) 865-0673. Fax: (323) 865-0097. E-mail: pcannon{at}hsc.usc.edu.

Journal of Virology, May 2001, p. 4129-4138, Vol. 75, No. 9
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.9.4129-4138.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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