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Journal of Virology, March 2001, p. 2929-2937, Vol. 75, No. 6
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.6.2929-2937.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Linkage between STAT Regulation and Epstein-Barr Virus Gene Expression in Tumors

Honglin Chen,1 Jae Myun Lee,1 Yongsheng Zong,2 Michael Borowitz,3 Mun Hon Ng,4 Richard F. Ambinder,1 and S. Diane Hayward1,*

Oncology Center1 and Department of Pathology,3 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231; Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China2; and Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong4

Received 23 August 2000/Accepted 22 December 2000

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines is regulated by EBNA2. However, the factors regulating viral expression in EBV-associated tumors that do not express EBNA2 are poorly understood. In EBV-associated tumors, EBNA1 and frequently LMP1 are synthesized. We found that an alternative latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) promoter, L1-TR, located within the terminal repeats is active in both nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's disease tissues. Examination of the L1-TR and the standard ED-L1 LMP1 promoters in electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that both promoters contain functional STAT binding sites. Further, both LMP1 promoters responded in reporter assays to activation of JAK-STAT signaling. Cotransfection of JAK1 or v-Src or treatment of cells with the cytokine interleukin-6 upregulated expression from ED-L1 and L1-TR reporter plasmids. Cotransfection of a dominant negative STAT3beta revealed that STAT3 is likely to be the biologically relevant STAT for EBNA1 Qp and LMP1 L1-TR promoter regulation. In contrast, LMP1 expression from ED-L1 was not abrogated by STAT3beta , indicating that the two LMP1 promoters are regulated by different STAT family members. Taken together with the previous demonstration of JAK-STAT activation of Qp driven EBNA1 expression, this places two of the EBV genes most commonly expressed in tumors under the control of the same signal transduction pathway. Immunohistochemical analyses of nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumors revealed that STAT3, STAT5, and STAT1 are constitutively activated in these tumors while STAT3 is constitutively activated in the malignant cells of Hodgkin's disease. We hypothesize that chronic or aberrant STAT activation may be both a necessary and predisposing event for EBV-driven tumorigenesis in immunocompetent individuals.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21231. Phone: (410) 955-2548. Fax: (410) 502-6802. E-mail: dhayward{at}jhmi.edu.

Journal of Virology, March 2001, p. 2929-2937, Vol. 75, No. 6
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.6.2929-2937.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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