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Journal of Virology, March 2001, p. 2729-2740, Vol. 75, No. 6
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.6.2729-2740.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Evolutionary Relationships among Parvoviruses: Virus-Host Coevolution among Autonomous Primate Parvoviruses and Links between Adeno-Associated and Avian Parvoviruses

Vladimir V. Lukashov* and Jaap Goudsmit

Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Institute of Viral Genomics, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Received 25 October 2000/Accepted 4 December 2000

The current classification of parvoviruses is based on virus host range and helper virus dependence, while little data on evolutionary relationships among viruses are available. We identified and analyzed 472 sequences of parvoviruses, among which there were (virtually) full-length genomes of all 41 viruses currently recognized as individual species within the family Parvoviridae. Our phylogenetic analysis of full-length genomes as well as open reading frames distinguished three evolutionary groups of parvoviruses from vertebrates: (i) the human helper-dependent adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes 1 to 6 and the autonomous avian parvoviruses; (ii) the bovine, chipmunk, and autonomous primate parvoviruses, including human viruses B19 and V9; and (iii) the parvoviruses from rodents (except for chipmunks), carnivores, and pigs. Each of these three evolutionary groups could be further subdivided, reflecting both virus-host coevolution and multiple cross-species transmissions in the evolutionary history of parvoviruses. No parvoviruses from invertebrates clustered with vertebrate parvoviruses. Our analysis provided evidence for negative selection among parvoviruses, the independent evolution of their genes, and recombination among parvoviruses from rodents. The topology of the phylogenetic tree of autonomous human and simian parvoviruses matched exactly the topology of the primate family tree, as based on the analysis of primate mitochondrial DNA. Viruses belonging to the AAV group were not evolutionarily linked to other primate parvoviruses but were linked to the parvoviruses of birds. The two lineages of human parvoviruses may have resulted from independent ancient zoonotic infections. Our results provide an argument for reclassification of Parvovirinae based on evolutionary relationships among viruses.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Phone: (31-20) 566 5861. Fax: (31-20) 691 6531. E-mail: v.lukashov{at}amc.uva.nl.

Journal of Virology, March 2001, p. 2729-2740, Vol. 75, No. 6
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.6.2729-2740.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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