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Journal of Virology, March 2001, p. 2314-2323, Vol. 75, No. 5
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.5.2314-2323.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Human GLI-2 Is a Tat Activation Response Element-Independent Tat Cofactor

Catherine M. Browning,1 Michael J. Smith,2 Nina M. Clark,2 Brian R. Lane,2 Camilo Parada,3 Monty Montano,4 Vineet N. KewalRamani,5 Dan R. Littman,5,6 Max Essex,4 Robert G. Roeder,3 and David M. Markovitz2,*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology1 and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases,2 University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0640; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 100213; Harvard AIDS Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 021154; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute6 and Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 100165

Received 1 March 2000/Accepted 7 December 2000

Zinc finger-containing GLI proteins are involved in the development of Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus, Drosophila, zebrafish, mice, and humans. In this study, we show that an isoform of human GLI-2 strongly synergizes with the Tat transactivating proteins of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and -2) and markedly stimulates viral replication. GLI-2 also synergizes with the previously described Tat cofactor cyclin T1 to stimulate Tat function. Surprisingly, GLI-2/Tat synergy is not dependent on either a typical GLI DNA binding site or an intact Tat activation response element but does require an intact TATA box. Thus, GLI-2/Tat synergy results from a mechanism of action which is novel both for a GLI protein and for a Tat cofactor. These findings link the GLI family of transcriptional and developmental regulatory proteins to Tat function and HIV replication.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: 5220 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0640. Phone: (734) 647-1786. Fax: (734) 764-0101. E-mail: Dmarkov{at}umich.edu.

Journal of Virology, March 2001, p. 2314-2323, Vol. 75, No. 5
0022-538X/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.5.2314-2323.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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